Hip involvement in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a common and disabling problem. The clinical and x-ray records of 87 patients with definite AS (Rome criteria) were examined to define and characterize their hip disease. Clinical hip disease was present in 33 cases (38%), was usually bilateral (91%), and tended to begin early in the disease course; it was the cause of 50% of the Class III and IV disability in the entire study group. Typical findings included regional pain, limitation of motion, muscle atrophy, and flexion contractures. Radiologic hip abnormalities occurred in 42 cases (48%). The radiographic pattern was distinctive when compared to that in two control groups and included axial migration of the femoral head (63%), concentric joint space narrowing (50%), rufflike femoral osteophytosis (36%), and protrusio acetabuli (30%). Eight patients required bilateral hip surgery. Para-articular ossification occurred in 8 of 16 replaced hips; in 5 of 8 hips it caused clinical immobility. This potentially serious complication may limit the usefulness of hip arthroplasty in some AS patients.

Adult↗

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Wrist arthropathy in calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease.

Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease is associated with chondrocalcinosis and a characteristic radiographic abnormality. In the wrist this abnormality consists of radiocarpal joint narrowing, sclerosis, and subchondral cystic degeneration of the carpal bones. These changes sometimes occur in the absence of chondrocalcinosis. Two investigate the significance of this occurrence, 18 patients with the radiographic abnormality of radiocarpal joint narrowing, sclerosis, and subchondral cystic degeneration were examined. Six had neither local wrist nor distant chondrocalcinosis. Five of the latter had wrist arthrocentesis and 4 had calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals. Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease can occur in the absence of chondrocalcinosis and the diagnosis is strongly suggested by a characteristic radiographic picture.

Adult↗

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Septic arthritis of the glenohumeral joint. Unique clinical and radiographic features and a favorable outcome.

Seven patients (eight shoulders) with sepsis of the glenohumeral joint were studied clinically and radiographically. Despite the advanced age of the patients, the presence of gram-negative organisms, and multiple risk factors in each patient (including serious chronic underlying diseases), needle drainage and parenteral antibiotics were all that were required for successful management, provided early diagnosis with prompt institution of antibiotics and drainage occurred. Contrast arthrography safely guided therapy and revealed rotator cuff tears in four of six shoulders as well as frequent extra-articular extensions of the disease. A nonleukemic patient with Aeromonas hydrophilia sepsis and arthritis is reported who survived with eradication of infection and preservation of joint function. A poor prognosis for shoulder sepsis is not substantiated.

Aeromonas↗

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Radiographic abnormalities of rheumatoid arthritis in patients with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis.

Radiographic abnormalities of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in 8 patients with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) included atypical features: lack of osteoporosis, bone sclerosis and proliferation about erosions, osteophytosis, and bony ankylosis. Atypical clinical features included a high incidence of flexion contractures of elbows, wrists, ankles, or knees. It is not surprising that bone production occurs about involved articulations in patients with RA-DISH, as the latter disorder is characterized by bony proliferation at sites of ligament and tendon attachment to bone in the axial and extraaxial skeleton, perhaps related to stress.

Aged↗

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Distribution of normal and abnormal fluid collections in the glenohumeral joint: implications for MR arthrography.

Although magnetic resonance (MR) images of the glenohumeral joint frequently demonstrate intraarticular fluid, no specific criteria have, to the authors' knowledge, been published that allow accurate assessment of the amount of fluid present. Also, despite the increasing use of MR arthrography of the shoulder, the optimal amount of intraarticular fluid that should be used with this technique has not been determined. The authors progressively distended the glenohumeral joint in six cadaveric shoulder specimens with a dilute gadopentetate dimeglumine solution and obtained MR images after injection of 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mL of the solution. The pattern of fluid distribution was evaluated, and these results were then used to estimate the amount of fluid that was present in the glenohumeral joint on MR images of 20 shoulders obtained in 12 asymptomatic volunteers. In 14 of these shoulders, intraarticular fluid was present; however, in none was more than 2 mL evident. Results of the cadaveric study also indicated that 15 mL of intraarticular fluid appears to be the optimal amount for MR arthrography.

Adult↗

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Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease.

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Achilles Tendon↗

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MR findings in asymptomatic shoulders: a blind analysis using symptomatic shoulders as controls.

We performed a blind prospective analysis of the shoulders of 20 asymptomatic volunteers, aged 25 to 55 years, to determine the frequency of magnetic resonance (MR) findings considered abnormal in symptomatic patients. Twenty symptomatic patients were used as controls. With regard to the asymptomatic shoulders, all 20 had intact rotator cuff tendons, although six (30%) of the tendons had abnormal internal signal, and one (5%) had abnormal morphology. Subdeltoid and subacromial fat planes were intact in 20 (100%) and 19 (95%) shoulders respectively. Subdeltoid or subacromial fluid was not present in any shoulder. Acromioclavicular osteophytes and supraspinatus depression were seen in seven (35%) and six (30%) respectively. The glenoid labrum was intact in all volunteers, although it had abnormal internal signal in 10 (50%). MR findings of abnormal signal in the glenoid labrum, and of abnormal signal and morphology of the rotator cuff tendons, supraspinatus depression, and acromioclavicular osteophytes have been reported as signs of instability, tendinitis, and impingement. Similar findings were seen in asymptomatic volunteers, indicating that these findings may not be a sign of clinically significant pathology.

Adult↗

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The PCL line: an indirect sign of anterior cruciate ligament injury.

A new sign of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear based on secondary changes of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is described. Thirty-one patients with magnetic resonance (MR) examinations of the knee suspicious for ACL injury and 50 normal controls were examined. In each patient a line was drawn adjacent and parallel to the posterior margin of the distal portion of the PCL and was extended proximally. A positive PCL line did not intersect the medullary cavity of the femur. A positive line correctly predicted ACL injury in 19 of 22 patients.

Adolescent↗

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Suprapatellar plicae of the knee presenting as a soft-tissue mass. Report of five patients.

It is well recognized that synovial plicae can lead to clinical manifestations that simulate internal derangements of the knee, meniscal tears, or arthritis. Such plicae, however, also can lead to compartmentalization of the joint. We report on five patients with abnormal suprapatellar plicae that led to joint compartmentalization and distention of the suprapatellar bursa manifested as a soft-tissue mass.

Adult↗

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Myelofibrosis associated with prominent periosteal bone apposition. Report of two cases.

Myelofibrosis is a myeloproliferative disorder that is characterized by splenomegaly and bone marrow replacement by fibrous tissue. The predominant radiographic feature is osteosclerosis; however, in rare instances, periosteal bone apposition or periostitis is apparent in the metaphysis of the distal femura and proximal tibiae. It has been suggested that periostitis, when associated with fever and bone pain, is indicative of more aggressive disease. We report this unusual radiographic finding and its similar appearance to hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in two patients with myelofibrosis. In our patients, the presence of periosteal bone apposition did not correlate with increased disease aggressiveness.

Aged↗

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Magnetic resonance imaging in pachydermoperiostosis.

Pachydermoperiostosis is a rare inherited disorder that is manifest clinically by digital clubbing, extremity enlargement, painful and swollen joints, hypertrophic skin changes, and periosteal bone formation. This report illustrates the skeletal findings that may be seen with long-standing disease as evaluated with conventional radiography and with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, with emphasis on the MR appearance of periosteal reaction in this disorder. There are features that suggest pachydermoperiostosis may represent a generalized enthesopathy.

Adult↗

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Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease: imaging perspectives.

Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal deposition disease is widespread in elderly persons and has various clinical presentations that can be confounding to clinicians. It is characterized by acute, subacute, or chronic joint inflammation and deposition of CPPD crystals in hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and other soft tissue structures. We have learned a great deal about imaging findings of CPPD crystal deposition disease. New facts about the disorder and clues to radiologic diagnosis continue to be revealed. This article will provide a review of imaging characteristics of this disease with emphasis on some recent findings. The nomenclature, epidemiology, classification, and pathophysiology will be explained. A discussion of the clinical manifestations and treatment will be followed by a review of the characteristic imaging features.

Aged↗

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Delayed diagnosis of primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the sacrum.

Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of bone is a rare, malignant hematologic tumor affecting most commonly persons in the fourth decade of life. The tumor produces predominantly osteolytic lesions usually in the femur and pelvic bones and, very rarely, may present with spinal epidural involvement. The authors discuss an interesting case of primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of bone involving the sacrum with epidural invasion, in which the atypical imaging findings along with negative biopsy results delayed diagnosis.

Bone Neoplasms↗

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Subperiosteal lipoma: a case report.

Lipomas are the most common benign mesenchymal tumor. They can occur in various locations such as subcutaneous tissue, muscle, nerve, synovium, different periosteal layers, and bone [Diagnosis of bone and joint disorders. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1995. p. 3814, 3947; Skeletal Radiol 27 (1998) 375]. To our knowledge, however, lipomas arising in a subperiosteal location have not been described previously. We present a patient with two subperiosteal lipomas of the femur.

Aged↗