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D Reiss

Publications and source records attributed to D Reiss.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Genetic contributions to continuity, change, and co-occurrence of antisocial and depressive symptoms in adolescence.

In adolescence, antisocial and depressive symptoms are moderately stable and modestly correlated with each other. We examined the genetic and environmental origins of the stability and change of antisocial and depressive symptoms and their co-occurrence cross-sectionally and longitudinally in a national sample of 405 adolescents. Monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins and full, half, and unrelated siblings 10-18 years of age from non-divorced and step-families were studied over a 3-year period. Composite measures of adolescent self-reports, parent reports, and observational measures of antisocial and depressive symptoms were analysed in multivariate behavioural genetic models. Results indicated that the majority of the stability in and co-occurrence between dimensions could be accounted for by genetic factors. Non-shared environmental risks and, for antisocial symptoms, shared environmental risks also contributed to the stability. Genetic influences on change were observed, but only for antisocial behaviour. In addition, the longitudinal association between antisocial behavioural and later depressive symptoms was also found to be genetically mediated, but this effect was nonsignificant after controlling for stability. Results were discussed in light of the potential contributions of development behavioural genetic research in understanding individual differences in the stability and change of maladjustment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Delayed oxidative degradation of polyunsaturated diacyl phospholipids in the presence of plasmalogen phospholipids in vitro.

The oxidative degradation of plasmalogen (alkenylacyl) phospholipids was analysed in the absence and the presence of polyunsaturated ester phospholipids by 1H-NMR and by chemical determination. Brain lysoplasmenylethanolamine (lyso-P-PE), brain P-PE and erythrocyte P-PE, containing an increasing number of intrachain double bonds at sn2, were oxidized with 2,2'-azobis-(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH; 2 or 10 mM) in Triton X-100 micelles (detergent/phospholipid 1:5, mol/mol). The formation of two peroxyl radicals was accompanied by the degradation of approx. one molecule of brain lyso-P-PE. On oxidation of brain P-PE or erythrocyte P-PE (320 nmol) with 2 mM AAPH, the (alpha-vinyl) methine 1H signal of the enol ether decreased more rapidly than the methine proton peak of intrachain double bonds. The rate of enol ether degradation increased in the order: erythrocyte P-PE>brain P-PE>brain lyso-P-PE. The disappearance of the polyunsaturated ester phospholipids 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl phosphatidylcholine (16:0/20:4-PC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl phosphatidylcholine (16:0/18:2-PC) (100 nmol), as induced by 10 mM AAPH, was nearly completely inhibited by the plasmalogens (25 nmol) in the first 30 and 60 min of incubation respectively, and was delayed at later time points. Plasmalogens and vitamin E (4-25 nmol) mitigated the decreases in 16:0/[3H]20:4-PC (100 nmol) induced by 2 mM AAPH in a similar manner. The initial rate of degradation of intrachain double bonds of 16:0/20:4-PC and 16:0/18:2-PC (320 nmol; 2 mM AAPH) was decreased by 59% and 81% respectively in the presence of 80 nmol of brain lyso-P-PE. In conclusion, plasmalogens markedly delay the oxidative degradation of intrachain double bonds under in vitro conditions. Interactions of enol ether double bonds with initiating peroxyl radicals as well as with products generated by prior oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids are proposed to be responsible for this capacity of plasmalogens. Furthermore, the products of enol ether oxidation apparently do not propagate the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Amidines↗
PubMed1997

Dimensions and disorders of adolescent adjustment: a quantitative genetic analysis of unselected samples and selected extremes.

One of the fundamental questions for developmental psychopathology concerns the etiological links between the normal and abnormal. To what extent do disorders differ quantitatively or qualitatively from variation in the normal range? Genetic research on the normal and the abnormal differs in terms of concepts, methods, statistics, and target audiences. An approach, referred to as "DF" analysis, provides a framework for integrating these two worlds of genetic analysis. We applied traditional correlational analyses as well as DF (DeFries & Fulker, 1985) analyses to mother and father ratings of adjustment of adolescent siblings in a 3-year longitudinal twin and step-family study. At wave 1, the sample included 720 sibling pairs (average age of 12.9 years for the younger sibling and 14.5 years for the older siblings) and, in wave 2, 395 pairs still living at home. Both correlational analyses of the entire sample and DF analyses of selected extremes suggested moderate genetic influence and modest shared environmental influence for internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Similar estimates were found for unselected individual differences and selected extreme groups. A framework is proposed that focuses on quantifying the etiologies of disorders (QED) as measured on continuous dimensions.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1997

Bulimia outcome.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Bulimia↗
PubMed1996

Plasmalogen phospholipids in plasma lipoproteins of normolipidemic donors and patients with hypercholesterolemia treated by LDL apheresis.

Recent evidence indicates that plasmalogen phospholipids are particularly sensitive to oxidation and may possess antioxidative properties. Approximately 4.4%-5.5% of phosphatidylcholine (PC), and 53%-60% of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) consisted of the plasmalogen phospholipids, plasmenylcholine and plasmenylethanolamine, respectively, in whole plasma, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) of 11 normolipidemic donors. Of total plasmalogen phospholipids in plasma, slightly more was associated with LDL particles (about 42%) than with HDL (36%). Plasmalogen phospholipid levels were analyzed in 12 patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) regularly treated by LDL apheresis, of whom 6 were supplemented with vitamin E (alpha tocopherol, 400 IU/day), the remaining 6 not receiving the antioxidant. Before apheresis (pre), total plasmalogen phospholipid levels in plasma and LDL (expressed as mumol/mmol cholesterol of compartment) decreased as follows: patients receiving vitamin E > normolipidemia > patients not receiving vitamin E. In both hypercholesterolemic groups, the contents of plasmalogen phospholipids in whole plasma and LDL were 3-5-fold higher than those of vitamin E. Directly after apheresis (post), plasmalogen phospholipid levels in plasma were raised by about 50% in the two hypercholesterolemic groups, mostly due to increases in plasmenylethanolamine levels. Two days after apheresis (48 h post), plasmalogen contents were still elevated in plasma and red blood cell membranes of patients receiving vitamin E, while they had already reached pre-apheresis values in those not supplemented with alpha tocopherol. Molecular species of plasma diacyl phospholipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids were elevated at pre in patients receiving vitamin E as compared to patients without supplementation. At 48 h post, LDL apheresis induced an increase in these molecular species only in patients receiving vitamin E. In conclusion, the contents of plasmalogen phospholipids in plasma lipoproteins are at least three times higher than those of vitamin E. LDL apheresis raises the level of plasmalogen phospholipids in plasma, the increase persisting longer in patients supplemented with vitamin E. Supplementation with vitamin E appears to protect plasmalogen phospholipids in plasma lipoproteins against oxidative degradation.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Staff security and work pressure: contrasting patterns of stability and change across five dialysis units.

Differences among clinical care units in social dynamics and social organization are associated with differences in the clinical course of patients with a range of chronic illness. These differences are also associated with well-being of staff members. Recent attention has focused on understanding these differences among units with an eye towards correcting deficiencies and enhancing strengths of clinical care units. The current study sought to delineate the effect of social and organizational dynamics unique to each unit on staff perceptions of the security of their relationships with other staff and their perceived work pressure. The unit as a major source of differences among staff subjects was compared with the impact of ethnic identity, of work in the morning shift vs other shifts, and of professional role. Results confirmed that unit membership was, by far, the most important correlate of staff perceptions of the unit, particularly those concerning security of relationships with others and perceived work pressure. Moreover, the results suggested that unit differences in perceived security were due to differences among units in long standing turmoil within the unit or long standing problematic ties between the unit and the larger institution which controls it. However, perceived work pressure seems more transient and may reflect the challenge of shorter-term fluctuations in the demands of patient care.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Abnormal eating attitudes and behaviours in two ethnic groups from a female British urban population.

African-Caribbean (N = 136) and White British (N = 192) female family planning clinic attenders were administered the Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh (BITE) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). A proportion of the participants were subsequently interviewed. The African-Caribbeans were found to have both significantly more disordered eating attitudes and a significantly higher level of abnormal eating behaviour than the White British. Although the African-Caribbean group had a significantly higher mean Body Mass Index this did not mediate the difference in levels of eating attitudes. When compared with the White British group more African-Caribbean women reported feelings of failure, guilt, abnormality and self-consciousness concerning their eating habits. The results indicate that eating problems may be highly prevalent in this ethnic minority population and suggest that there may be differences in the nature of eating disorder psychopathology between ethnic groups.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1996

National research agenda for prevention research. The National Institute of Mental Health Report.

This article reports some of the most promising ideas to emerge from a review conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health of the achievements and prospects for research on the prevention of mental disorders. These ideas are organized around 3 conceptual hubs: the development and transformation of biological and social risk and protective factors across the life span, classifying and relating various approaches to preventive interventions in a single logical system, and concepts about community contexts in which prevention trials are executed. These conceptual hubs clarify the relationship between 3 forms of research in prevention: longitudinal studies of risk, randomized preventive intervention trials, and the implementation of successful interventions as part of routine community practice.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1996

Sertoli cell barrier dysfunction and spermatogenetic cycle breakdown in the human testis: a lanthanum tracer investigation.

The introduction of nitrate of lanthanum in fixative solutions for testicular biopsies improves ultrastructural observations of the blood-testis barrier. In complete (normal) spermatogenesis, junctional specializations impede the diffusion of lanthanum into the adluminal compartment. They clearly exhibit a three-storied disposition in orthogonal sections. In maturation arrest, lanthanum passes easily through the junctional specializations surrounding the germ cells and up to the lumen. In irregular hypospermatogenesis, the Sertoli cell barrier is permeable, but diffusion of the tracer is less significant and variable. Unexpectedly, in germ cell aplasia, the barrier remains efficient

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Using MZ differences in the search for nonshared environmental effects.

Behavioural genetic research has shown that environmental influences relevant to the development of individual differences are largely nonshared in origin. That is, environmental influences do not make children in the same family similar to one another, however, little is known about which specific aspects of the environment are responsible. Identical (MZ) twins provide a uniquely powerful tool to search for specific nonshared environmental influences independent of nonshared genetics because such twins do not differ genetically. The sample consisted of 93 MZ twin pairs aged 10-18 years from the Nonshared Environment and Adolescent Development (NEAD) project. Reports of parental negativity and adolescent adjustment were obtained from parents, ratings of videotaped observations, and the adolescents themselves. Relative differences of mothers' and fathers' negativity within MZ pairs correlated significantly with MZ differences in antisocial behaviour. The correlations were moderate for within-reporter associations, but were negligible for associations between reporters. Possible interpretations for these source-specific findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Young 'psychopaths' in special hospital: treatment and outcome.

BACKGROUND: The 'Young Persons Unit' (YPU) at Broadmoor Hospital offers psychotherapeutic treatment for young adult male patients. The study objective was to report background details, treatment and outcome of the ward's personality disordered patients. METHODS: The sample consisted of 49 patients, with the legal classification of psychopathic disorder, treated on the unit for at least one year. Data were collected from existing case records. Outcome was recorded until discharge from statutory supervision. Outcome measures were recidivism and a variety of social factors. RESULTS: At follow-up 10 patients had reoffended, with four having committed serious violent or sexual offenses. Two patients had died. A history of sex offending was the strongest predictor of subsequent reoffending. No patients with good social outcome reoffended. CONCLUSION: 'Young patients with personality disorder can be successfully treated on the YPU. The management of sex offenders in this group requires further attention. Successful social integration within the community after discharge may help prevent future reoffending.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Sibling differences in problem behavior and parental treatment in nondivorced and remarried families.

This article examines within-family differences in parenting and problem behavior in nondivorced and remarried families, with a specific focus on whether sibling differences are magnified and whether the links between differential treatment and sibling adjustment are stronger in remarried families. Multimethod assessments of parenting and problem behavior were done on 516 families with 2 same-sex adolescent siblings. The remarried families included those in which one or neither sibling was the mother's stepchild and one or both siblings were the father's stepchildren. Within-family differences in parenting and problem behavior were greatest in remarried families where siblings did not share the same biological parent. Differential treatment was also more strongly related to problem behavior in this family context, with the mother's biological child and father's stepchild at greater risk. Results are discussed in terms of the differing experiences of biological children and stepchildren in remarried households.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Genetic questions for environmental studies. Differential parenting and psychopathology in adolescence.

BACKGROUND: Recent genetic evidence suggests that the most important environmental influences on normal and pathologic development are those that are not shared by siblings in the same family. We sought to determine the relationship between differences in parenting styles and depressive symptoms and antisocial behavior in adolescence, and to compare the influence of these nonshared experiences with genetic influences. METHODS: We studied 708 families with at least two same-sexed adolescent siblings who were monozygotic twins (93 families), dizygotic twins (99 families), ordinary siblings (95 families), full siblings in step families (181 families), half siblings in step families (110 families), and genetically unrelated siblings in step families (130 families). Data on parenting style were collected by questionnaire and by video recording of interaction between parents and children. RESULTS: Almost 60% of variance in adolescent antisocial behavior and 37% of variance in depressive symptoms could be accounted for by conflictual and negative parental behavior directed specifically at the adolescent. In contrast, when a parent directed harsh, aggressive, explosive, and inconsistent parenting toward the sibling, we found less psychopathologic outcome in the adolescent. CONCLUSIONS: Parenting behavior directed specifically at each child in the family is a major correlate of symptoms in adolescents. Furthermore, harsh parental behavior directed at a sibling may have protective effects for adolescents, a phenomenon we call the "siblin barricade."

Adolescent↗