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Biomedical subjects

D Raphael

Publications and source records attributed to D Raphael.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

[The effect of inhaled salbutamol on pulmonary gas exchange in patients with chronic obstructive bronchopneumopathy].

The aim of this study is to establish whether or not the inhalation of a puff of salbutamol (Ventoline, 100 micrograms) could induce hypoxemia. Twenty-five chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients were investigated. In a first group of 20 patients arterial blood gases and related indices were measured before and 5, 10, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after inhalation of salbutamol. The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve was traced before and 90 minutes after the drug intake. Except in two subjects in whom salbutamol dramatically improves arterial blood gases, the drug had no effect on the investigated parameters. It is concluded that salbutamol does not affect the blood gases in COPD patients. In this respect the behaviour of COPD patients differs from that of asthmatics in whom salbutamol generally induced hypoxemia.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1989

Support and variation, the needs of the breast-feeding woman.

A basic pattern for human beings is the support given to the mother during delivery and for a period postpartum. One function of this universally recognized need is to assure the success of breast-feeding. The position of the supportive person--the doula--who works with the mother during this period is examined in this presentation. The quantitative difference in the amount of support needed by different women during this period is discussed. In the United States the role of the father is changing dramatically. Men are present at the birth of their children and are expressing more tenderness towards their wife and children. The possibility of such change of role for Japan is of concern. Studies of over 200 cultures have shown the enormous variety in patterns of care for the mother during and after delivery. The author suggests that each mother has a unique rhythm of her own and that sensitivity to each individual woman's needs might enrich her first experiences with her child.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1986

Ammonia toxicity: comparative protective effect of various arginine and ornithine derivatives, aspartate, benzoate, and carbamyl glutamate.

Ornithine and arginine compounds were highly effective in preventing an increase in blood ammonia and in preventing or minimizing encephalopathy after acute subcoma, coma-inducing, or lethal doses of NH4+. Similar protection was seen after subacute loading with glycine. Ornithine ketoacid derivatives were no more effective than ornithine alone or ornithine glutamate. Ornithine appeared to be a little more effective than arginine, but the differences were slight. Aspartate and glutamate alone were ineffective. Carbamyl glutamate was much less effective than either ornithine glutamate or arginine glutamate. Orotic acid excretion was markedly increased in the presence of excess NH4+. This increment was eliminated with ornithine or arginine, although the reduction with arginine was unpredictably erratic. Aspartate increased the orotic acid excretion and the amount of urea formed. Sodium benzoate was borderline in its effect on the blood ammonia and on orotic acid excretion.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1985

Combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (COPP) in children with brain tumors.

The chemotherapeutic combination of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (COPP) was used to treat 15 children with recurrent central nervous system tumors and seven children with newly diagnosed brainstem tumors. In patients with recurrent tumors, marginal activity was seen in various histologic types. COPP chemotherapy was clearly ineffective in patients with brainstem tumors. Toxicity consisted of mild to moderate myelosuppression and neurotoxicity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Urea excretion, galactose elimination, and aminopyrine disappearance during normal liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Comparison with other function tests reported.

After removal of 70% of normal rat liver, liver weight was 37% of control at 3 1/2 hours and 49% at 24 hours. Urea formation per gram liver after an NH4+ load and galactose elimination per gram liver were well-preserved during this early posthepatectomy period. At 46 hours after removal, galactose elimination was transiently less than would be expected from liver weight. The aminopyrine disappearance rate fell to 50% to 63% of control values until 72 hours, when it decreased further to 43%, disproportionately less than liver weight. The disappearance rate per gram liver at this time was 63% of control. Serum bile acid concentration increased 17-fold by 24 hours, and was five times that of control concentration at 72 hours. Comparisons of these four measures and six other in vivo measures of function previously reported permitted a segregation of the livers into two groups according to liver function after hepatectomy: those that were disproportionately preserved or were proportional to the amount of liver present, and those that were disproportionately reduced in relation to liver weight. Four additional measurements reported in isolated perfused livers after hepatectomy were similarly segregated. It appears that those liver functions that most closely reflect cellular growth or associated changes in liver blood flow are preserved, whereas those that are possibly more specialized and differentiated are depressed during regeneration.

Aminopyrine↗
PubMed1982

A comparison of the marginal leakage of retrograde techniques.

An investigation of the apical seal of the most popular retrograde techniques was attempted. Ninety extracted maxillary central incisors were instrumented and obturated, and various apical procedures were performed. The depth of penetration of 2 percent methylene blue dye was used to evaluate the apical seal. Retrograde amalgam, heat-sealed gutta-percha, and the apicoectomy control showed average depths of penetration of 3.1, 4.0, and 4.6 mm., respectively, while cold-burnished gutta-percha yielded an average depth of penetration of 1.5 mm. The apical seal produced by cold-burnished gutta-percha allows less than half the penetration of the best of the other techniques and gave the most consistent results.

Apicoectomy↗
PubMed1980

A comparison of the marginal adaptation of retrograde techniques: a scanning electron microscopic study.

An investigation of the most popular retrograde technique for their marginal adaptation to dentin was attempted. Forty extracted maxillary central incisors were instrumented and obturated, and various apical procedures were performed. The scanning electron microscope was used to record the results. Retrograde amalgam, heat-sealed gutta-percha, and the apicoectomy control showed average marginal defects from 22 micron to 104 micron, while cold-burnished gutta-percha exhibited an average defect of only 1.8 micron. The marginal defect produced by cold-burnished gutta-percha is less than one tenth as large as the best of the other techniques.

Apicoectomy↗
PubMed1978

Identity status in high school females.

One hundred grade 12 high school females were classified as either Moratorium, Foreclosure, or Diffusion status based on their openness to alternatives and degree of commitment in the areas of future plans, religion, and politics. Measures of social class, intelligence, tolerance of ambiguity, cognitive complexity, ego identity, and anxiety were administered to examine aspects of these differing manners of dealing with adolescent issues. Performance on a behavioral measure of information search was also examined. Results indicated generality of identity status placement across the content areas. Moratorium status females scored significantly higher than Foreclosure and Diffusion status females for social class, intelligence, cognitive complexity, and tolerance of ambiguity: Moratorium status females also scored significantly higher than Diffusion status females for information search and recall. Foreclosure status females scored significantly higher than Diffusion status females for ego identity. Intelligence contributed to many observed status differences. It was suggested that identity status placement, reflective of manner of dealing with adolescent issues, was indicative of a general mode of dealing with developmental tasks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Species differences in activating and inactivating enzymes related to the control of mutagenic metabolites.

Microsomal monooxygenases catalyze the biosynthesis of epoxides from olefinic and aromatic compounds whilst microsomal epoxide hydratase and cytoplasmic glutathione S-transferases are responsible for their further biotransformation. Although catalytically very efficient the cytoplasmic glutathione S-transferases play, due to their subcellular localization, a minor role in the inactivation of epoxides derived from large lipophilic compounds and were, therefore, not included in this study. It was shown with such a lipophilic compound, benzo(a)pyrene, as a model substance and with liver enzyme mediated bacterial mutagenesis as biological endpoint that species and strain differences in epoxide hydratase and monooxygenases are reflected in very dramatic differences in mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene which varied from extremely potent to a degree which could easily be overlooked. In order to investigate whether the differences in enzyme activities were causally linked to the observed differences in mutagenicity, the enzyme activities were modulated by inhibition and induction. These manipulations were always accompanied by the corresponding changes in mutagenicity. It is concluded that species such as mice which possess high monooxygenase activity but very low epoxide hydratase activity are much more susceptible than man to those toxic effects which are mediated by metabolically formed epoxides which are substrates of epoxide hydratase. In this regard, it is especially noteworthy that mice possess a much lower hepatic epoxide hydratase activity than man.

Animals↗