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Biomedical subjects

D R Wise

Publications and source records attributed to D R Wise.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1994

Further studies on the development and survival at low temperatures of the free living stages of Trichostrongylus tenuis.

To assess the ability of the free living stages of Trichostrongylus tenuis, a pathogen of red grouse, to survive the winter in significant numbers, the temperatures prevailing during the autumn, winter and spring of 1991-92 on the North Yorkshire moors were simulated in an incubator into which replicate cultures of T tenuis eggs were placed at intervals. September and early October eggs developed into larvae which survived over winter and were infective the following spring. Few November to February eggs survived to become larvae but early March eggs were reasonably successful. Continuous temperatures of -15 degrees C were lethal to infective larvae within 12 days, but significant numbers of larvae survived temperatures of -10 degrees C or higher for up to three weeks and remained infective.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Weight, carcase composition and reproductive performance of pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) fed restricted or unrestricted diets.

Artificially reared hen pheasants, released in summer, are reported to have little reproductive success in the wild the following spring. One possible explanation is that such birds are unable to obtain an adequate diet after supplementary feeding ceases in February. When captive hen pheasants were fed an unrestricted diet they maintained constant muscle mass and fat reserves throughout the laying period. Hens restricted to pre-lay maintenance levels of nutrition after photostimulation initially laid good quality eggs at the same rate as the fully fed hens. However, by the time that they had laid the equivalent of one clutch of eggs, their energy reserves were approaching exhaustion, suggesting that they would have been incapable of incubating the eggs successfully. When fully fed hens were given wheat in place of a breeder diet, they quickly stopped laying but recovered equally quickly when fed a balanced ration again.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Development and survival at low temperature of the free living stages of Trichostrongylus tenuis.

To test the ability of Trichostrongylus tenuis eggs to survive and develop at temperatures similar to those they might experience in late winter on a grouse moor, they were exposed in replicate faecal cultures to various low temperature regimes in the laboratory. Yields in experimental cultures were compared with those in control cultures incubated at 21 to 23 degrees C. Eggs in caecal faeces were also placed outside on grass plots at intervals through the winter. In addition to this, infective larvae (L3), also in replicate faecal cultures, were subjected to similar low temperature regimes. The results confirm that few, if any, eggs deposited from November to January are likely to develop successfully, but increasing numbers of those deposited from February onwards are likely to do so and to give rise to L3 in May. L3 were shown to have the potential to survive the winter in significant numbers. It is suggested that infection newly acquired during the winter may represent a very significant part of the worm population found in adult birds in early summer.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Hypobiosis of Trichostrongylus tenuis in experimentally infected grey partridges.

Storage of infective larvae (L3) of Trichostrongylus tenuis at +4 degrees C for six weeks before being given as single infections to grey partridges (Perdix perdix) did not increase the proportion of worms subsequently found to be hypobiotic. However, after repeated infections, hypobiotic larvae were numerous. Three infections given over three weeks resulted not only in the presence of many hypobiotic larvae, but also in the coincident loss of most adult worms. This indication of the role of immunity in the production of hypobiosis in grey partridges suggests that this species is not a good model for trichostrongylosis in red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus).

Animals↗
PubMed1993

In vitro activity of danofloxacin, tylosin and oxytetracycline against mycoplasmas of veterinary importance.

The activities of danofloxacin, a novel fluoroquinolone, and two other antimicrobials were determined in vitro against field isolates of seven Mycoplasma species of veterinary importance isolated from cattle, swine and poultry in five European countries. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of danofloxacin, tylosin and oxytetracycline were determined against a total of 68 isolates. Danofloxacin showed excellent activity against isolates of all Mycoplasma species (range 0.008 to 0.5 microgram ml-1), but in some isolates there was evidence of reduced sensitivity to tylosin (range 0.008 to 2.0 micrograms ml-1) and oxytetracycline (range 0.008 to over 16.0 micrograms ml-1). Danofloxacin was more active than other antimicrobials against M hyopneumoniae, M dispar and M bovigenitalium, and showed activity similar to that of tylosin against M bovis and M gallisepticum. Tylosin was the most active against M synoviae and M hyosynoviae. Generally, oxytetracycline showed the poorest activity, but was superior to tylosin against M bovigenitalium. A second (final) MIC reading was taken for all isolates 14 or 21 days after the initial reading, and MIC values rose during that time. However, the increase seen in danofloxacin values (typically one to two dilutions) was less than that seen for tylosin and oxytetracycline. It is concluded that danofloxacin is highly active in vitro against all of the Mycoplasma species tested, and thus shows great potential for the treatment of respiratory and other infections caused by Mycoplasma species in cattle, pigs and poultry.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Anticoccidial drugs for preventive therapy in intensively reared pheasants.

A range of anticoccidial drugs was tested in young pheasants inoculated with three species of eimeria. Eimeria colchici, the most pathogenic species, was completely controlled by clopidol/methyl benzoquate and robenidine hydrochloride with the elimination of oocyst production. Clopidol and arprinocid gave good protection with reduced oocyst output and clopidol also adversely affected oocyst sporulation. Halofuginone and monensin were less effective. Amprolium hydrochloride/sulphaquinoxaline/ethopabate (ASE) and sulphaquinoxaline were ineffective. Both halofuginone and ASE controlled infections caused by E phasiani and E duodenalis. Halofuginone at 3, 6 or 9 ppm in the food produced no toxic effects in pheasants but growth rates of red-legged partridge chicks were retarded by concentrations of 3 and 6 ppm. Halofuginone protected young pheasants in a field trial in which sulphaquinoxaline was less effective.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The effects of trienbolone acetate and other anabolic agents in growing turkeys.

1. Very large increases in growth rates and improvements in the efficiency of food conversion of both male and female turkeys of 70 d of age or older were effected by the subcutaneous implantation of 20 to 40 mg of trienbolone acetate (TA). 2. Implantation of TA (10 to 40 mg) into turkeys of 42 d of age or less caused growth depression, usually following an initial period of positive growth response. 3. During the period of growth depression, food conversion efficiency deteriorated and treated turkeys developed chondrodystrophic skeletal abnormalities and/or "leg weakness". 4. Implantation of oestradiol and of testosterone into 2-d-old turkeys also led to the development of skeletal abnormalities. 5. Implantation of testosterone (25 mg) into 84-d-old stag turkeys produced positive growth responses which were of smaller magnitude and lesser duration than those produced by TA. 6. Implantation of 70-d-old stag turkeys with a combination of TA (20 mg) and hexoestrol (15 mg) resulted in performances which were slightly superior in terms of the growth to those following administration of TA alone but which were markedly inferior in respect of food conversion.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

The effects of trienbolone acetate on carcass composition, conformation and skeletal growth of turkeys.

1. The carcasses of 66- and 73-d-old stag turkeys implanted with 20 mg trienbolone acetate (TA) at 49 d of age were analysed and the results compared with those of untreated controls. 2. Treatment with TA improved growth, increased carcass moisture and tended to decrease carcass fat and ash; protein content was not altered by implantation. 3. Treatment with TA produced a marked improvement in efficiency of conversion of dietary protein to carcass protein. 4. Carcass formation of 70- and 77-d-old turkeys of both sexes implanted with 20 mg TA at 49 d of age was not markedly different from that of controls in terms of the relative proportions of the major body components nor in relative skeletal proportions. 5. Implantation with TA reduced linear and appositional skeletal growth both relative to soft tissue growth and relative to skeletal growth of control turkeys. 6. The rate of bone remodelling was reduced more than the rate of appositional growth so that bone cortical thickness was increased. 7. The changes in the skeleton effected by TA are consistent with the hypothesis that the drug acts by decreasing the rate of protein turnover, with catabolism being depressed more than anabolism.

Aging↗
PubMed1981

The effects of trienbolone acetate implantation of turkeys upon fluid balance and blood chemistry.

1. The effects of implanting turkeys with trienbolone acetate (TA) upon fluid balance and blood chemistry were studied. 2. The Na and water contents of skeletal muscles were increased by TA treatment while K was unaltered. 3. The extracellular space expressed as a proportion of starved body weight was unaffected by TA implantation. 4. Plasma or serum concentrations of P, Ca, Mg, Na and K and activities of the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase [EG 2.61.1], creatine kinase [EC 2.7.3.2] and gamma-glutamyl transferase [EC 2.3.2.2] were not changed by TA treatment. 5. Packed cell volume was significantly increased by TA implantation after a delay of some 2 to 3 weeks while plasma protein concentrations were immediately decreased for a period of two weeks before nearly normal concentrations were obtained again. 6. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was decreased by TA treatment, but serum protein electrophoretic pattern was unchanged.

Anabolic Agents↗
PubMed1979

Water consumption in growing pheasants.

Daily water consumption in pheasants varied from 240 ml per kg at three weeks of age to 80 ml per kg at 12 weeks. Variations in temperatures within the range 10 to 25 degrees C exerted little influence on water intake. The amount of water consumed increased at a given age as dietary protein level increased. Only a small increase (14 per cent) in water intake accompanied a more than doubled increase in the normal dietary salt level. Total daily water intakes were similar in pheasants fed three times a day and in those fed ad libitum but their patterns of consumption throughout the day were widely different.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

Shaky leg syndrome and hip lesions in turkeys.

A leg weakness condition of turkeys, often called the "shaky leg" syndrome, is described and studies on its pathology reported. There appeared to be no consistent histopathological changes in the nervous, muscular or skeletal systems that were characteristic of the syndrome. During the course of the investigation it became clear that almost all turkeys examined from the age of four weeks, regardless of their locomotor status, strain or management, displayed small degenerative lesions situated medially on the neck of their femurs.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Efficacy of tetramisole and dichloroxylenol against Syngamus trachea in pheasants and turkeys.

Two water soluble products currently recommended for the treatment of syngamiasis were tested in pheasants and turkeys. Dichloroxylenol (Rotgape; Adams & Moulson), was found to have no efficacy. Although tetramisole (Game Bird Wormer; ICI) administered in drinking water had a moderate efficacy against three- and four-day-old larvae (47 to 71 per cent), its level of efficacy against infections associated with disease, those of seven days and older, was poor (5 to 29 per cent). It is concluded that neither product is likely to be of value in field outbreaks of syngamiasis.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1977

Biological and serological comparison of two embryo-lethal mycoplasmas isolated from turkeys.

Two uncharacterised, independently isolated, embryo-lethal mycoplasmas obtained from turkeys and designated W8 and CT were compared with each other and with a third, culturally similar, embryo-lethal turkey mycoplasma, Iowa 695, by cultural and serological methods. The three mycoplasma isolates were serologically distinct and CT could be differentiated from W8 by its ability to reduce 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride under aerobic conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Pathogenicity studies in poultry with an undefined serotype of Mycoplasma.

Pathogenicity trials in poultry are reported with an isolate of mycoplasma, designated 'W8', which is serologically unrelated to Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M synoviae or M meleagridis. W8 killed fowl and turkey embryos when injected into the yold sacs of embryonating eggs. Infection of one-day-old fowls, turkeys and pheasants by the air sac route caused marked growth depression and a high incidence of osteomyelitis of the vertebral column in all species. A large proportion of infected turkeys and a smaller proportion of infected pheasants also developed chondrodystrophic changes of the long bones similar to those of turkey syndrome '65. Infection did not cause mortality or macroscopic air sacculitis. No obvious pathological changes occurred in fowls following W8 infection by the air sac route at two weeks of age and only minimal changes when infection was given at one week. Infection did not appear to spread to in-contact controls. W8 was recovered most frequently and in greatest profusion from the air sacs, tracheas, kidneys and vertebral columns of fowls and turkeys following air sac infection at one day of age.

Animals↗