Intensified insulin therapy in insulin-dependent diabetics using a convenience syringe.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
D R Taylor
Publications and source records attributed to D R Taylor.
Protective effect of p-chlorophenylalanine in glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rats.
1. Studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rats may be mediated by 5-hydroxytryptamine. 2. The tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, p-chlorophenylalanine, or saline was administered for 4 days before performance of 24 h clearance studies after glycerol administration. 3. p-Chlorophenylalanine significantly reduced the nephrotoxic effect of glycerol, as evidenced by improved glomerular filtration rate, urine volume excretion and absolute sodium excretion, and reduced plasma creatinine concentration. 4. These results suggest that glycerol-induced acute renal failure may be mediated by the renovascular and/or tubular actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine.
Acute Kidney Injury↗
Effect of bopindolol on renin secretion and renal excretory function in rats.
We investigated the effects of the new beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, bopindolol, on stimulated renin secretion and on renal function in conscious rats. Intravenous doses of 10, 31.6, and 100 micrograms/kg of bopindolol antagonized the rise in plasma renin activity (PRA) induced by the administration of isoproterenol (10 micrograms/kg, s.c.). Peak PRA, evident at 15 min after isoproterenol, reached 27 +/- 3 ng/ml/h with bopindolol (100 micrograms/kg) pretreatment vs. 105 +/- 7 ng/ml/h in saline controls. Antagonism by bopindolol (100 micrograms/kg, i.v.) of isoproterenol-stimulated rise in PRA persisted through 12 h. Within this dosage range, bopindolol itself had no significant effect on PRA. Significant antagonism of beta-adrenoceptor-induced hypotension resulted with 31.6 and 100 micrograms/kg of i.v. bopindolol. Orally administered bopindolol produced significant antagonism of isoproterenol-induced increase in PRA at a dose of 316 micrograms/kg; however, oral doses of 31.6-316 micrograms/kg of bopindolol failed to significantly alter furosemide-stimulated increase in PRA. Bopindolol alone had little effect on renal excretory function but caused a slight attenuation of furosemide-induced diuresis and electrolyte excretion. Plasma electrolytes and osmolarity were unaffected by bopindolol alone or in conjunction with furosemide. These results indicate that bopindolol (a) is a potent, long-acting, orally active, antagonist of beta-adrenoceptor-stimulated renin secretion in the rat, (b) is ineffective in antagonizing furosemide-induced rise in PRA, (c) does not elevate basal levels of PRA by virtue of its intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, and (d) does not cause dramatic alteration of renal excretory function at effective beta-blocking doses.
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
Effect of indapamide on serum and red cell cations, with and without magnesium supplementation, in subjects with mild hypertension.
Unlike some thiazide diuretics, indapamide--a non-thiazide chlorosulphonamide derivative--has been shown to have a magnesium-sparing effect in normotensive subjects. This effect has not been studied in hypertensive subjects. In a randomised double-blind trial indapamide 2,5 mg and placebo were given daily to a group of elderly patients with mild hypertension, with and without supplemental magnesium chloride. Blood pressure and serum and red blood cell cations were measured. The significant antihypertensive effect of indapamide was confirmed. There was no effect of indapamide on serum and red cell magnesium concentrations compared with placebo, both with and without magnesium supplementation. Indapamide induced hypokalaemia with a shift of sodium into the red cells. In this group of elderly hypertensive subjects indapamide induced potassium but not magnesium loss.
Adult↗
Actraphane and Lentard insulin for once daily insulin supplementation.
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Adult↗
Leishmania mexicana amazonensis: ADP-ribosyltransferase antagonists specifically inhibit amastigote to promastigote differentiation.
Leishmania mexicana amazonensis amastigotes were induced to differentiate by incubation at 27 C. Morphological transformation was studied both in untreated cultures and in cultures where DNA synthesis, and consequently the final stage in the production of promastigotes, was inhibited by hydroxyurea. 3-Methoxybenzamide and other antagonists of ADP-ribosyltransferase (ADPRT) specifically inhibited differentiation at a very early stage in both experimental systems. Cell proliferation (in the absence of hydroxyurea) was not inhibited by ADPRT antagonists--indeed greater multiplication of undifferentiated parasites was observed in the presence of these compounds. This indicated that the parasites were being diverted from differentiation to proliferation. Preincubation of the amastigotes with the ADPRT antagonists was required to produce this effect, providing further evidence that ADP-ribosylation of proteins is required for the initiation of differentiation in Leishmania.
Animals↗
Cardiovascular and renal actions of calcium channel blocker chemical subgroups: a search for renal specificity.
The diuretic and natriuretic responses to structurally distinct classes of Ca2+ channel blockers have been compared, to determine whether any agent provoked K+-sparing natriuresis, and to assess the relation of such responses with drug effects on blood pressure. Conscious normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats received vehicle or one of the following drugs in an oral saline load (40 mL kg-1) nifedipine, nimodipine, nitrendipine, prenylamine, cinnarizine, flunarizine, diltiazem, verapamil, hydrochlorothiazide, amiloride, or hydralazine, at doses from 0.316 to 100 mg kg-1. Urine was collected for 6h. Blood pressure was monitored directly in parallel studies. Diltiazem (31.6, 100 mg kg-1) and flunarizine (100 mg.kg-1) enhanced urine and electrolyte excretion in spite of marked hypotension; diltiazem was the only drug to produce dose-related renal responses. In contrast, equihypotensive doses of hydralazine and nifedipine produced overt urine and electrolyte retention. Nitrendipine and prenylamine (0.316 mg kg-1 each) produced slight diuresis or natriuresis without altering blood pressure; higher doses had no effect. The 31.6 mg kg-1 doses of verapamil, nitrendipine, and nimodipine markedly reduced blood pressure, but neither enhanced nor limited urine and electrolyte excretion. Cinnarizine failed to produce any cardiovascular or renal effects. Diuretic responses evoked by the Ca2+ channel blockers were not class-specific, showed no tendency towards sparing K+, were generally weaker than those produced by low doses of amiloride or hydrochlorothiazide, and were dissociable from drug-induced changes in blood pressure.
Amiloride↗
Cigarette smoke inhalation patterns and bronchial reactivity.
The manner in which a cigarette is smoked varies considerably between individuals and may be an important determinant of the altered bronchial reactivity observed in cigarette smokers. Twenty smokers were examined to determine the relationship between cigarette smoke inhalation patterns and bronchial reactivity. Inhalation patterns were measured non-invasively with a respiratory inductive plethysmograph and these were related to the provocative concentration of histamine that caused a 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20) and to the cough threshold for inhaled citric acid. Histamine PC20 values were inversely correlated with depth and rate of inhalation. Cough threshold was inversely correlated with greater cigarette consumption and with depth of inhalation.
Adult↗
Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate: a high affinity sorbent for aflatoxin.
Aluminas, silicas and aluminosilicates were evaluated for their ability to sorb radiolabeled aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) from aqueous solution (in vitro). Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) was selected for testing in vivo due to its high affinity for AFB1, because of its stable association with AFB1, and its GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status as an anticaking agent. The HSCAS, when added to the diet of Leghorn and broiler chicks at a level of .5%, significantly diminished the adverse effects of feeding 7.5 mg AFB1/kg of feed. Thus, this agent (and other aluminosilicate congeners) may prove effective in the preventive management of aflatoxicosis.
Absorption↗
Involvement of dopamine receptor subtypes in dopaminergic modulation of aldosterone secretion in rats.
The postulation that dopamine (DA) may tonically inhibit aldosterone (ALDO) secretion has arisen from the finding that metoclopramide, a non-selective DA receptor antagonist with prominent non-dopaminergic actions, stimulates ALDO secretion. Experiments were performed to determine: (a.) the ability of several non-specific and subtype-specific DA receptor antagonists to stimulate ALDO secretion, (b.) the subtype DA receptor involved in regulating ALDO secretion, and (c.) if ALDO responses were associated with changes in plasma Na+(pNa), K+(pK), or osmolality (pOsm). Blood samples were withdrawn from carotid arterial catheters in conscious, fasted male Sprague-Dawley rats before and following intra-arterial administration of lactated Ringer's placebo, furosemide (10 mg/kg), or one of several DA receptor antagonists. Furosemide stimulated ALDO, decreased pK, and left pNa and pOsm unchanged. The non-selective DA receptor antagonists metoclopramide (0.2, 0.6 mg/kg), rs-sulpiride (0.2 mg/kg), and haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg), and the DA-2 receptor antagonists domperidone (0.1 mg/kg) and s-sulpiride (0.1 mg/kg) each stimulated ALDO, and left pNa, pK, and pOsm unchanged. Conversely, the DA-1 receptor antagonists SCH 23390 (0.03, 0.1 mg/kg) and r-sulpiride (0.1 mg/kg) failed to stimulate ALDO, and left pNa, pK, and pOsm unaltered. These studies suggest that ALDO secretion in rats is modulated by a mechanism involving DA-2, but not DA-1 subtype receptors, and that the ALDO responses to DA receptor antagonism are independent of changes in pNa, pK, and pOsm.
Aldosterone↗
Treatment outcome of obstructive sleep apnea. Physiological and neuropsychological concomitants.
This study examines the cognitive and emotional changes associated with successful surgical treatment of patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). By comparing the OSA patients with patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery before (2 weeks) and after (3 months) surgical intervention on a comprehensive psychological battery, it was determined that both groups exhibited anxiety and depression before surgery and these elevations (MMPI) were significantly lower after surgery. However, no differences were found between groups on any emotional or cognitive variable before or after surgical treatment.
Adult↗
Metastatic renal cell carcinoma mimicking pleural mesothelioma.
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Aged↗
Pilomatrix carcinoma.
The clinicopathologic features of two cases of pilomatrix carcinoma are described and compared with those of the 11 previously reported cases. In contrast with its benign counterpart, pilomatrix carcinoma occurs in older patients and there is a male-predominating sex ratio. The rate of local recurrence is 60%. A single instance of distant metastasis occurred when the tumor recurred locally for the second time. Pilomatrix carcinoma can be accurately diagnosed histologically. The consistent features present in pilomatrix carcinoma but absent in the benign counterpart are increased mitotic activity and cytologic abnormalities including cellular and nuclear enlargement, and vesicular appearance of the nuclei. The primary lesion should be treated aggressively to prevent local recurrence, which may be a factor favoring distant tumor metastasis.
Aged↗
Suppression of ovarian function by Microgynon 30 in day 1 and day 5 "starters".
The suppression of ovulation during the first treatment cycle with Microgynon 30 (150 micrograms levonorgestrel and 30 micrograms ethinyl oestradiol) for nine subjects starting the "pill" on day 1 of their cycle and five subjects on day 5 was investigated. Serum oestradiol and progesterone levels throughout the cycle and midcycle urinary LH levels were reliably suppressed in all day 1 "starters". Serum progesterone levels and urinary LH levels were also suppressed in day 5 "starters" but one subject produced oestradiol levels within the normal range of ovulatory cycles. Mean oestradiol levels of day 5 "starters" were found to be significantly higher than those of day 1 "starters" (p less than 0.05).
Adolescent↗
The efficacy of orally administered theophylline, inhaled salbutamol, and a combination of the two as chronic therapy in the management of chronic bronchitis with reversible air-flow obstruction.
The efficacy of bronchodilator therapy was assessed in the long-term management of patients with chronic bronchitis and varying degrees of reversible air-flow obstruction. Twenty-five patients with a mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 38.7% predicted received: optimized doses of orally administered, sustained-release theophylline, inhaled salbutamol (200 micrograms 4 times a day), a combination of the 2 drugs, and identical placebo therapy for periods of 3 wk in a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Patients who deteriorated during treatment were assessed immediately and designated "treatment failures" if additional therapy proved necessary. Such "failures" occurred in 9 patients with placebo, in 8 with salbutamol, in 6 with theophylline, and in only 1 with combined therapy. Using a ranking system based on "treatment failures" and mean daily peak flow rates, first preference was given to combined therapy in 13 patients, theophylline in 6, salbutamol in 4, and placebo in 2. Thus, both combined therapy (p less than 0.001) and theophylline (p less than 0.05) were better than placebo, but this was not so for inhaled salbutamol. Objective improvements in FEV1 and forced vital capacity were a consistent finding with combined therapy compared with placebo, although not with single agents, and additive effects were clearly demonstrated. In the subgroup of patients able to tolerate placebo therapy, no subjective benefit could be discerned during any of the 3 periods of active treatment. Thus, the combination of orally administered, sustained-release theophylline and inhaled salbutamol offered significant advantages in the clinical control of patients with chronic bronchitis with air-flow obstruction.
Administration, Oral↗
A case report of obstructive sleep apnea in a patient with bipolar affective disorder.
A patient with a bipolar mood disorder developed obstructive sleep apnea which altered the clinical presentation of the mood disorder and affected compliance with prophylactic treatment. Significant improvements in the management of her mood disorder and in her life adjustment followed surgical relief of the upper airway obstruction.
Bipolar Disorder↗
The role of phospholipid metabolism in bromobenzene- and carbon tetrachloride-dependent hepatocyte injury.
Sprague-Dawley rats and cultured rat hepatocytes exposed to bromobenzene (BB) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) display rapid and significant increases and decreases in hepatic phospholipase C (PLC) and sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) activities, respectively. Primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes were used to determine if the BB- and CCl4-dependent alterations in phospholipid metabolism were related to the hepatotoxicity of these agents. Cultured hepatocytes exposed to BB and CCl4 exhibited a rapid (1 to 5 min). PLC-mediated reduction (20 to 80%) in [32P]phosphatidylserine content. Other phospholipids were also reduced; however, phosphatidylserine was preferentially degraded by hepatotoxin-activated PLC. A time course of CCl4-and BB-induced cellular events showed that these agents (1) rapidly activate liver cell PLC activity; (2) accelerate 86Rb release; (3) decrease GPAT acyltransferase activity; and (4) cause a release of intracellular enzymes (GOT and GPT). All of these BB- and CCl4-mediated effects on the functional integrity of liver cells were blocked or reduced by agents (EDTA and chlorpromazine) that reduce the BB- and CCl4-dependent rise in PLC activity. Therefore, BB- and CCl4-dependent alterations in the functional and structural integrity of liver cells may be a result of accelerated phospholipid degradation and a corresponding inability of the cell to repair injured membranes by generating new phospholipids.
Animals↗
A solid-state instrument for measuring dynamic changes in the pupil of the human eye.
An instrument for making dynamic measurements of the human pupil is described. The device uses a 100-element linear self-scanning photodiode array and a Z80A microprocessor system. The eye is imaged using infrared radiation. The instrument has both analogue and digital outputs of pupil diameter, which are accurate to better than +/- 2.5% of full scale. By compensating for the inherent nonuniformities in the photodiode array, the microcomputer maintains the accuracy and reliability of the system at low irradiance levels. A simple means of implementing a two-dimensional measuring system is proposed.
Biomedical Engineering↗