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Biomedical subjects

D R Gourley

Publications and source records attributed to D R Gourley.

9 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

Multidimensional work sampling to quantify a pharmacokinetics resident's duties.

A multidimensional work-sampling technique was used to quantify a pharmacokinetics resident's duties. Four dimensions were measured: activity, contact, function, and location. A code list of 47 variables was developed to encompass all activities of the resident being observed. A combination of self-reporting and observer reporting was used to test the veracity of the resident's report and to determine whether differences in reporting occurred. Observation was done 20 times a day over a five-week period (24 working days). Random time periods separated the observation points. The observer and the resident recorded 260 and 220 observations, respectively, for a total of 480. The overall reliability measure was 78%, indicating good interobserver agreement. The resident spent about 36% of his time doing work related to pharmacokinetics consultations and 23% of his time attending meetings. He spent a large proportion of time (48.5%) working alone. Much of his remaining time was spent with the Pharm.D. students and the preceptors. Multidimensional work sampling based on a combination of self-reporting and observer reporting is a useful tool for quantifying the work practices of pharmacokinetics residents.

Education, Pharmacy, Graduate↗
PubMed1978

Pharmacists' knowledge and attitudes regarding monitoring the behaviors of children with learning disabilities.

The attitudes and knowledge of pharmacists in Nebraska regarding children's learning disabilities were surveyed by questionnaire. One hundred thirty-three pharmacists responded. The results were analyzed according to type of practice (community, chain and hospital) and age (20--30 years, 31--40 years, 41--50 years, and 51 years and over). The results indicate that pharmacists are being asked about learning disabilities. Overall, 53% of the pharmacists responding had been asked about learning disabilities by parents, physicians, teachers or others. No significant interactions were found between the type of practice and age, and no significant main effect for type of practice was found in the ANOVA results for knowledge scores or attitude scores. Even though there were no differences owing to age in pharmacists' knowledge of learning disabilities, age was found to have a significant effect on attitudes toward increased pharmacist involvement in monitoring behaviors of learning-disabled children; the younger groups had a more positive attitude. The pharmacist seems to have the knowledge and attitudes required to become more actively involved in monitoring the medications and behaviors of children with learning disabilities.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Evaluation of the professional communications of a pharmacist in a 45-bed rural hospital with comprehensive pharmaceutical services.

The professional communications of a pharmacist providing comprehensive services were studied to determine the accuracy of the information provided, its usefulness to patient care and the level of expertise needed to respond appropriately. Data were collected by a diary technique for a four-month period. Patient charts were reviewed to collect clinical data needed to evaluate the appropriateness of the pharmacist's responses and to ascertain evidence that the information provided was implemented. The analysis classified the communications as either "clinical" or "pharmaceutical" in content. Practitioner panels of pharmacists and a physician assessed the communications for accuracy, relevance to the patient episode and level of pharmacy expertise necessary to communicate. Most communications with physicians were "pharmaceutical" in content. The most frequent information asked concerned dose or dosage schedule. Approximately one-third of the "pharmaceutical" communications could have been handled adequately by a technician. Only one communication should have required an extensive literature search for the pharmacist to respond. Less than half of the pharmacist's communications were pertinent to the patient episode and of clinical importance. Information from half of the communications was implemented in patient care within 48 hours. There did not appear to be any relationship between accuracy of response and implementation of information. It is not known whether the deficiencies identified apply to a large number of pharmacists. Hence, the bearing of the study on the cost-benefit of clinical pharmacy services is not clear.

Communication↗
PubMed1976

Cost of comprehensive pharmaceutical services in a 45-bed rural hospital.

The financial impact of a comprehensive pharmacy program on patient charges and hospital operating costs in a 45-bed community hospital was studied. Data were collected retrospectively for the fiscal year prior to initiating pharmacy services (FY73), the fiscal year during program development (FY74) and the fiscal year following full operations (FY75). The total cost of pharmacy services increased 75% from FY73 to FY75, with the largest dollar increase being in pharmacy salaries. Large increases among other cost items also were noted. The average total cost for pharmacy services increased from $3.28 per patient day in FY73 to $6.04 in FY75 (84%). Total hospital cost per patient day increased by approximately $35 from FY73 to FY75 (5%). The pharmaceutical services fee per dose of medication administered did not change from FY73 to FY75. Patient charges per day for medications and pharmaceutical services increased $0.55 (9.8%) from FY73 to FY75. There was a 55% reduction in the number of items carried in pharmacy inventory from FY73 to FY74 following the initiation of a formulary and a unit dose drug distribution system.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗