Hyperthyroidism.
Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces a greater than normal amount of hormone. The cause of this overproduction may be a direct result of many systemic disorders. If hyperthyroidism is associated with diffuse goiter, exophthalmos, or pretibial myxedema, it is commonly known as Graves' disease. The clinician is faced with a multifaceted disorder that has a predilection for the orbit. This orbitopathy places the patient at risk for visual loss. The diagnostician is better equipped to treat and manage visual anomalies if the pathophysiology of the systemic disease is understood. Such insight promotes a better co-management environment between optometrist and internist or endocrinologist. This chapter provides the reader with basic clinical guidelines to the disease process. It also offers a stepwise approach for diagnosing and treating the ocular changes that may be encountered.