Ubiquitin immunocytochemistry of spinal cord in an inherited porcine motor neuron disease.
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Alzheimer Disease↗
Biomedical subjects
D O'Toole
Publications and source records attributed to D O'Toole.
Sudden acquired retinal degeneration ('silent retina syndrome') in two dogs.
Two unrelated adult dogs developed idiopathic, acute-onset, bilateral total blindness. The ophthalmoscopic changes were minimal and no electroretinographic response could be detected in either dog. The retinas were examined ultrastructurally 10 days (dog 1) and two-and-a-half months (dog 2) after they became blind. There was widespread loss of the outer segments of rod and cone photoreceptors. Where the outer segments persisted, there was marked tubulovesicular change with loss of normal orientation in their lamellae. Second order neurons (bipolar cells) and ganglion cells were unaffected. The cause of this selective and massive disruption of rod and cone endings was not established, but acute toxicity is proposed as a possible mechanism.
Animals↗
An outbreak of Pacheco's disease in an aviary of psittacines.
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Animals↗
The microbial flora of in-use blood pressure cuffs.
The capacity of blood pressure cuffs to act as vehicles of hospital infection has been recognised. We describe the microbial flora of in-use DINAMAP blood pressure cuffs used in the operating theatres and one recovery room in a teaching hospital. Our results show significant microbial contamination of in-use blood pressure cuffs.
Bacteria↗
Interscalene brachial plexus blockade with lidocaine in chronic renal failure--a pharmacokinetic study.
Plasma lidocaine concentrations, latency of onset, and duration of anaesthesia, were determined after interscalene brachial plexus block in 16 patients presenting for elective upper limb surgery. Eight patients had normal renal function and eight had chronic renal failure, as determined by creatinine clearance. Significantly higher plasma lidocaine levels were recorded ten minutes after infiltration in patients with chronic renal failure (p less than 0.05). Cmax plasma levels for normal patients (5.6 +/- 1.1 micrograms.ml-1) and for patients with chronic renal failure (6.6 +/- 1.6 micrograms.ml-1) were not significantly different. The latency of onset and duration of anaesthesia were similar in both groups. One per cent lidocaine solution may be administered to patients with normal and impaired renal function to provide effective brachial plexus blockade for short surgical procedures.
Adult↗
Radial and tibial nerve pathology of two lactating ewes with "kangaroo gait".
Radial and tibial nerves of two ewes with clinical signs of chronic "kangaroo gait" were examined by qualitative and quantitative techniques and compared to the same nerves of a clinically normal ewe in late lactation. In affected ewes, there was extensive axonal degeneration of myelinated fibres in the radial nerve. Large and small myelinated fibres were affected equally and unmyelinated fibres were normal. Nerve fibre regeneration was present. In contrast, tibial nerve changes in the "kangaroo gait" ewes were minimal. The chronic nature of the radial nerve pathology was consistent with the clinical time course of "kangaroo gait". Regeneration may account for gradual improvement with eventual recovery in most chronically affected ewes. An episode of bilateral severe compression of a proximal radial nerve site is proposed as an explanation for the neuropathy, although the specific mechanism of this trauma is not known.
Animals↗
Pathogenicity of experimental infection with 'pneumotropic' porcine coronavirus.
Virus localisation and lesions were studied in 14-one-week-old piglets following combined intranasal-oral inoculation with a British isolate of 'pneumotropic' porcine coronavirus (PCV) and were compared with the effects of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection in five piglets. Unlike TGEV-infected piglets, all PCV-inoculated piglets remained clinically healthy. Seroconversion was detected at seven days after inoculation. Mild bronchointerstitial pneumonia involving terminal airways was consistently present at two days after infection and thereafter. Both PCV and TGEV infected bronchiolar epithelium and alveolar macrophages but, unlike TGEV, replication by PCV in villous enterocytes was limited and did not cause villous atrophy.
Animals↗
A genetic, pathological and virological study of congenital hypotrichosis and incisor anodontia in cattle.
Two Friesian cows, half-sibs by a common dam, produced four bull calves with severe congenital hypotrichosis and incisor anodontia and three normal heifers by six unrelated Holstein, Friesian, Devon and Hereford bulls. The two dams, and their dam, had coats of a short, stubbly nature and the pigmented areas appeared rusty grey rather than black. Pathological examination of skin samples taken from multiple standardised sites from two of the affected calves showed a reduction in the number of large first-formed hair follicles. Smaller calibre hair follicles were present but, unlike those of normal neonatal calves, all were in the telogen (inactive) phase. Although the herd was infected with bovine virus diarrhoea virus there was no convincing evidence that the virus was implicated in the pathogenesis of these cases of congenital hypotrichosis with incisor anodontia. The family breeding information on the few severely affected and normal progeny and mildly affected and normal parents may be explained by the genetic hypothesis of an X-linked incompletely dominant gene.
Alopecia↗
Immunocytochemistry of ovine sporozoan encephalitis and encephalomyelitis.
An indirect immunoperoxidase procedure was developed to detect Sarcocystis spp meronts in paraffin wax sections of infected ovine tissues. Ten rabbits seronegative to Sarcocystis spp and Toxoplasma gondii were injected intradermally or subcutaneously over 2 months with varying quantities (150 to 750 micrograms) of purified soluble cystozoite antigen derived from ovine heart microcysts. Serum from each rabbit was tested against paraffin wax preparations of S. ovicanis cysts, second generation S. ovicanis meronts and T. gondii cysts. Sera from three rabbits reacted with S. ovicanis meronts without any cross reaction to T. gondii antigens. Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis spp-specific sera were used to identify the sporozoa in six cases of naturally-occurring ovine encephalitis or encephalomyelitis. Sarcocystosis was diagnosed in four lambs and toxoplasmosis in one lamb. The generic identity of the sporozoan in the sixth case was not established as meronts reacted with both Sarcocystis spp- and T. gondii-specific sera. The study demonstrates the value of the immunohistological technique of visualizing sparsely distributed meronts in naturally-infected tissues and shows that sporozoa of the genus Sarcocystis and T. gondii, and possibly also sporozoa the identity of which is as yet unclear, are associated with encephalitis of sheep in Britain.
Animals↗
Chronic myofascial pain: management by low-output helium-neon laser therapy.
Therapeutic benefits of low-output helium-neon laser therapy have not been established, but laser therapy has been suggested as an effective means of treating many acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain syndromes. Although not released for general clinical use by the FA, the helium-neon laser has been promoted to physical therapists and athletic trainers as potentially useful for the treatment of pain syndromes. In particular, it has been proposed that it may be more effective than conventional measures such as medication and conventional physical therapy in the treatment of myofascial pain syndromes (fibrositis, fibromyalgia). The citations in the literature include only case reports. Sixty-two patients were treated by using acupuncture points. Two sessions of five treatments were given six weeks apart. A crossover double-blind technique was used in the treatments. The clinical responses were assessed using portions of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. No statistical difference between the treatment and the placebo groups could be determined.
Acupuncture Therapy↗
Congenital sporozoan encephalomyelitis in a calf.
Protozoan encephalomyelitis was diagnosed post mortem in a five-day-old Friesian calf which had shown nervous signs from birth. The lesion was a subacute necrotising multifocal encephalomyelitis associated with protozoan bodies (6 X 6 microns to 16 X 30 microns). Ultrastructurally these bodies corresponded to apicomplexan meronts composed of eight to 89 merozoites which reproduced by internal budding to form paired daughter cells (endodyogeny). The merozoites were indistinguishable from Toxoplasma gondii; they reacted weakly with anti-Sarcocystis species serum and did not cross react with anti-T gondii serum. The generic identity of the sporozoan was not established, but it is unlikely to have been either Sarcocystis species or T gondii.
Animals↗
Experimental ovine sarcocystosis: sequential ultrastructural pathology in skeletal muscle.
Six lambs inoculated with 70,000 Sarcocystis oocysts were killed at 14, 25, 33, 42, 60 and 81 days post-inoculation (pi). Tissue changes and developing cysts in one muscle (left M. semimembranosus) were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Perivascular macrophages contained intracytoplasmic merozoites at 25 and 33 days pi. Cysts with metrocytes were established at 42 days pi, at which time cyst wall zones were simple without surface projections. At 60 days pi, cysts contained metrocytes, some in division, and immature cystozoites. Cylindrical cyst surface projections were 1.55 microgram tall, 0.45 microgram wide and had specialized tip and base zones. Cysts at 81 days pi contained metrocytes and mature cystozoites. Cyst surface projections had a regular association with mitochondria of the parasitized myocyte. A mild or moderate myositis developed during both meront (25 to 33 days pi) and cyst-forming (42 to 81 days pi) stages. Initially histiocytic, the exudate eventually consisted of plasma cells and macrophages. A small minority of parasitized myocytes attracted a local inflammatory reaction. Following macrophage invasion of the sarcoplasm, the cyst wall zone degenerated and underwent phagocytosis and cystozoites became pyknotic. With advanced cyst degeneration there was local destruction of the host muscle fibre.
Animals↗
Experimental microcyst sarcocystis infection in lambs: pathology.
Six 34- to 42-day-old lambs raised in coccidia-free conditions were inoculated with 70,000 sporocysts derived from sheep heart with microscopic sarcocysts. Fever and mild anorexia occurred between 25 and 33 days after inoculation. A transient anaemia was most marked 32 days after inoculation. Lambs were killed and examined 14, 25, 33, 42, 60 and 81 days after inoculation. Gross lesions were absent. First and second generation meronts were present in endothelial cells at 25 and 33 days after inoculation. Meronts were most numerous in kidney glomeruli. Developing sarcocysts were rare at 42 days after inoculation. Sarcocysts with a primary cyst wall 2 to 3 micron thick composed of palisade projections were common at 60 and 81 days after inoculation in striated muscle and brain. Mild to severe striated muscle myositis and non-suppurative encephalitis or encephalomyelitis with glial nodules were observed 25 to 81 days after inoculation. Sarcocyst frequency varied considerably; it was highest in myocardium, M vastus intermedius, M vastus medialis, M extensor carpi radialis and tongue muscle and was lowest in M masseter.
Animals↗
Retinal dysplasia of English springer spaniel dogs: light microscopy of the postnatal lesions.
The histologic features of retinal dysplasia were studied in 26 English springer spaniel dogs of one day to four years of age. Dysplastic lesions in neonatal pups occurred predominantly in the peripapillary tapetal area of sensory retina. They consisted of complex linear folds and rosettes which were composed of hyperplastic neuroblasts. Dysplasia usually was not associated with incomplete differentiation of the outer neuroblastic layer. The outer limiting membrane was absent locally and numerous patent subretinal capillaries existed in the region of folds. The dysplastic features may be related to aberrant development of Muller cells and of retinal capillaries. In adolescent dogs, dysplastic lesions were less complex and usually were not accompanied by aberrant capillaries. Focal or complete retinal separation was present in some adolescent dogs. In adult dogs, features of retinal atrophy were found within dysplastic areas. No significant histologic lesions were found in the extraocular tissues of 12 affected dogs which were surveyed extensively.
Age Factors↗
[Surgical treatment of gastric, enteric pancreatic endocrine tumors. Part 2. treatment of hepatic metastases].
The development of hepatic metastases (HM) marks a turning point in the evolutionand prognosis of well-differentiated endocrine tumors (ET). Management is usually multicisciplinary (chemotherapy, arterial chemo-embolization, percutaneous ablation, somatostatin analogs, biotherapy, and surgery). A thorough pre-operative work-up is neecessary to exclude extrahepatic disease and to detect tiny HM's. Complete resection (RO) is the only curative treatment for well-differentiated ET with HM. The type of resection is specific to each case and may range from wedge resection of a metastasis to complex hepatectomy with simultaneous resection of the primary ET. Cytoreductive surgery may be indicated for palliation when medical therapy fails to control endocrine symptoms. Operative mortality is low (0-6%) and global survival is 60-70% afterafter R) resection of HM of well-differentiated ET's. After resection of HM involving only one hepatic lobe, 5 year survival is better than 90%. When HM are multiple, bilobar and synchronous, the prognosis is very poor--only 10% of such patients can have a complete resection and this often requires a long prologue of ancillary procedures (chemotherapy, chemoembolization, portal vein ligation, percutaneous ablation). Hepatic transplantation (HT) has only a limited rôle in the treatment of HM for ET; mortality is high when HT is associated with large and complex resections, i.e. pancreaticoduodenectomy. Although there is no consensus in the literature, HT should be limited to the most optimal cases (young, good general health, well-differentiated tumor, slow evolution, complete resection of the primary rumor, and unresectable liver metastases). Global survival for HT in patients with ET is 60% at 2 years, 47% at 5 years; tumor-free survival at 5 years is 24%. HT for HM has better survival results for ET's of intestinal origin (carcinoids) than for duodenopancreatic ET's.
Embolization, Therapeutic↗
Cystic dystrophy of the duodenal wall in the heterotopic pancreas: radiopathological correlations.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to correlate the CT features of cystic dystrophy in heterotopic pancreas (CDHP) with pathological features. METHODS: Patients were selected from 190 patients who underwent pancreatico-duodenectomy over a 10 year period in our institution. CT findings were retrospectively analyzed in 20 cases and correlated with pathological findings. RESULTS: Lesions were found to be located in the inner part of the second portion of the duodenum in all except one case. In all cases, the duodenal wall was thickened, both at CT and at histopathological examination, and moderate to strong contrast enhancement of the duodenal wall was noted at CT in all cases but one. Cysts were multiple in all cases. No heterotopic pancreas was identified with CT. Inflammatory changes with or without enlarged nodes were detected on CT in 15 of 20 cases. Chronic pancreatitis was present in 10 cases at pathology, including 5 cases with calcifications. The radiopathological correlation was excellent for all criteria but two: the size of the cysts and the extent of pyloric involvement. CONCLUSION: In patients with CDHP, CT features correlate well with pathological results. Multiple cysts located in an enlarged duodenal wall with postcontrast enhancement and inflammatory changes are strongly suggestive of CDHP.
Adult↗
Buccal prochlorperazine as an antiemetic for day care surgery.
This study compares the antiemetic effect of prochlorperazine in a buccal preparation with a control group as a preoperatively administered antiemetic. Fifty-two female day care patients undergoing gynaecological surgery or breast biopsy were studied. Patients were randomly allocated to two groups. Patients in group one received no antiemetic, while those in group two received 6mg buccal prochlorperazine one hour before surgery. Nausea was assessed with a visual nausea scoring system and interview similar to those used in previous series. Assessment times were before surgery and at one, four and 24 hours after surgery. Patient demographics and type of surgery were similar for the groups. The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting for the groups one and two was 57.7% and 15.4% respectively, p < 0.05. Most of the patients who experienced nausea in group one and two (86.7% and 50%) gave it a score less than five, indicating mild nausea. The majority of patients did not require treatment for postoperative nausea. The postoperative antiemetic and narcotic requirements were similar in the two groups. This study demonstrates that prochlorperazine at the dose used is effective in preventing postoperative nausea in the patient population studied.
Administration, Oral↗