Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

D M Haines

Publications and source records attributed to D M Haines.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Comparison of detection methods for bovine viral diarrhea virus in bovine abortions and neonatal death.

The objective of this study was to examine a monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemical staining method for its efficacy in diagnosis of bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV)-induced abortion and neonatal calf death. This method was compared to viral isolation and immunofluorescence staining of frozen tissue sections. Tissues from 105 cases, 53 fetuses and 52 neonates, were tested by the 3 methods. There were significant numbers of both false negatives and false positives with the immunofluorescence method and significant numbers of false negatives with the viral isolation method. Of the methods tested, immunohistochemical staining using monoclonal antibody 15C5 performed best, differentiating 97% of positive and negative cases. These results indicated that immunohistochemical staining can be applied to improve the accuracy of BVDV diagnosis in cases of abortion and perinatal death.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1994

Special tests for the diagnosis of infectious causes of reproductive failure in ruminants.

The detection of many infectious disease agents, including those of importance in ruminant reproductive failure, increasingly will be achieved through means other than the laborious and time-consuming traditional isolation and culture procedures. New diagnostic methodologies are designed both to enhance the rapidity with which results are obtained and to increase specificity and sensitivity of identification of the causative agent. Immunoenzyme histochemical staining of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues offers, especially in cases of abortions in which necropsy material routinely is examined histologically, an efficient and timely means of identifying many important pathogens. Antemortem serologic diagnostics will continue to be dominated by ELISA technologies. In the past decade, the specificity of serodiagnosis has been enhanced greatly by the use of monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA systems and further improvements in such methods will result from the use of defined antigens derived by recombinant DNA techniques. Although DNA hybridization technology has been applied successfully to detect many important veterinary pathogens and has been shown to have merit for improved diagnosis of some fastidious agents, those methods, because of their technical complexity, in general, have not been shown to be applicable for routine diagnostic uses. In contrast, methods using the PCR for specific gene amplification offer exceptional promise. Although the PCR presently is too technically exacting for routine use, its broad applicability and exquisite sensitivity and specificity suggest that it will play an ever-increasing role in future veterinary diagnostic techniques.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1994

Papillomavirus-induced dermatofibroma in cattle following tuberculin testing.

Papillomavirus was identified in two fibromatous dermal nodules which were representative of those present in the caudal fold skin of the tail in 25 of 145 beef cattle tuberculin tested 3 months earlier. Bovine warts were endemic on the property and it is hypothesised that the papilloma virus was introduced intradermally by a virus-contaminated tuberculin syringe. At palpation, the well-circumscribed hard nodular lesions were atypical of the diffuse caudal fold swelling usually present in reactions to tuberculin. Provided tuberculin testing officers are aware of the risk of fibroma and papilloma induction by transmission of papillomavirus, and they are careful to prevent equipment coming into contact with warts at time of inoculation, this source of inaccuracy may be avoided.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Immunohistochemical detection of melanoma-associated antigens on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded canine tumors.

Seven monoclonal antibodies (Moabs), recognizing melanoma-associated antigens in human tissues, were evaluated for their ability to immunohistochemically stain formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded canine melanomas. Only 2 Moabs, designated human melanosome-specific antigen (HMSA)-1 and HMSA-5, stained routinely processed canine melanomas, staining 21/35 (60%) and 24/35 (69%), respectively. Twenty-nine of 35 (83%) melanomas tested were stained if results of the 2 Moabs were combined. Monoclonal antibody HMSA-1 also stained neoplastic cells of 10/35 (29%) tumors of nonmelanocytic origin and some neurons and salivary gland epithelial cells in normal canine tissues. However, Moab HMSA-1 staining in the nonmelanocytic tumors, consisting of small, discrete periodic acid-Schiff-positive cytoplasmic droplets, was readily distinguishable from the diffusely granular, cytoplasmic staining of melanocytic tumors. In addition to melanomas, Moab HMSA-5 stained melanocytes and some melanin-containing tumor cells of a pigmented basal cell tumor and melanocytes in normal canine skin. Monoclonal antibodies HMSA-1 and HMSA-5 immunohistochemically identified the majority of canine melanomas, had limited and distinguishable staining in normal tissues and nonmelanocytic tumors, and therefore may be a useful adjunct for the diagnosis of canine melanoma in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Fatal, generalized bovine herpesvirus type-1 infection associated with a modified-live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis parainfluenza-3 vaccine administered to neonatal calves.

Generalized bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) infection was diagnosed in six Salers calves from the same herd. The calves had received an intramuscular injection of modified-live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis parainfluenza-3 vaccine between birth and three days of age. The purpose of this study was to determine if the outbreak was associated with the vaccine strain of BHV-1. Analysis of epidemiological data and BHV-1 DNA for restriction fragment length polymorphism was undertaken. Multifocal necrosis in multiple organs was observed on pathological examination, and the presence of BHV-1 in tissues was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Forty-three calves (aged birth to thirty days) were vaccinated over an 11-day interval. The 10 deaths recorded for vaccinated calves were clustered over a subsequent 14-day interval. Mortality in calves vaccinated between birth and three days of age was significantly higher than in nonvaccinated calves (chi-square test; p < or = 0.025), and this mortality was characterized by a greater age at death and duration of illness for vaccinated calves (t test; p < or = 0.001). The patterns of the restriction fragments, generated by six restriction endonucleases, of BHV-1 isolated from a necropsied calf and from the vaccine were identical, and different from that of a laboratory strain of BHV-1 (P8-2). These findings support the conclusion that newborn calves were susceptible to an intramuscularly injected vaccine strain of BHV-1, and that administration of an intramuscular modified-live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis parainfluenza-3 vaccine to neonatal calves may not be an innocuous procedure.

Alberta↗
PubMed1994

Immunohistochemical evidence for immunoglobulin and complement deposition in spinal cord lesions in degenerative myelopathy in German shepherd dogs.

The purpose of this study was to examine the distribution of immunoglobulin and complement component C3 in spinal cord tissues of dogs with degenerative myelopathy. Sections of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded spinal cord from five German Shepherd dogs with clinical and histological features consistent with degenerative myelopathy (DM) and one normal dog were tested immunohistochemically for deposition of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and the third component of complement (C3). In all dogs there was staining associated with large and small blood vessels. In addition, in the dogs with DM there was focal staining for IgG and C3 in spinal nerve tracts characteristically affected in DM. Deposition of IgG and C3 was found in histological lesions, and in addition, in other areas independent of visible lesions, suggesting that IgG and C3 deposition may precede histological evidence of spinal cord damage. These findings suggest a role for immune-mediated destruction of the spinal cord which may contribute to the pathogenesis of DM in German Shepherd dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Peanut agglutinin lectin immunohistochemical staining of normal and neoplastic canine tissues.

Peanut lectin binding sites were demonstrated in normal canine tissues and in 114 canine tumors by avidin biotin complex immunohistochemical staining on unfixed cryostat tissue sections. Peanut agglutinin (PNA) receptors occurred in a variety of normal cells and tissues, including lymphoid follicle center cells; cortical thymocytes; basal cells and the stratum spinosum of stratified squamous epithelium; columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract; parietal cells and chief cells of the stomach; some endothelial cells; myelin; chondrocytes; spermatogenic cells; cells of the adrenal medulla; Bowman's capsule and the distal convoluted tubules of the kidney; prostatic, perianal and endometrial epithelium; and the extracellular matrix of connective tissues. Neoplastic cell staining was sporadic and was most often observed in benign or well-differentiated neoplastic tissues in which the corresponding normal cells also expressed PNA binding sites. However, PNA also bound to some tumor cells in which the analogous normal tissues were unstained, including cells of some fibrosarcomas, rhabdomyosarcomas, hemangiopericytomas and proliferating myoepithelial cells in mixed mammary tumors. Although PNA binding is complex and heterogeneous in canine tissues and does not appear to immunohistochemically detect a moiety associated with neoplastic transformation per se in the majority of canine tumors, the expression of PNA receptors may be associated with neoplastic changes in some mesenchymal cell populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Phocine distemper in a harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada.

The first case of phocine distemper in a seal from Canadian waters and the first case of clinical phocine distemper in a harp seal, Phoca groenlandica, is reported. A two-month-old female harp seal stranded on Prince Edward Island in May 1991. Significant clinical findings were lethargy and severe conjunctivitis. Pulmonary congestion was the main necropsy finding, and histological lesions included diffuse demyelinating nonsuppurative encephalitis and mild multifocal interstitial pneumonia. Acidophilic intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions were present in cerebral neurons and astrocytes. Immunoperoxidase staining confirmed phocine distemper virus (PDV) antigen in the cytoplasm and nuclei of neurons, bronchiolar gland epithelium and transitional epithelium of the bladder. Infectivity titers of canine distemper virus (CDV) (Onderstpoort strain) and a morbillivirus isolated from a grey seal were significantly reduced by serum from the harp seal.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Feline leukemia virus detection by immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue from cats with lymphosarcoma.

The prevalence of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antigen and DNA was assessed in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissues from 70 cats with lymphosarcoma (LSA). Tissue sections were tested for FeLV gp70 antigen using avidinbiotin complex (ABC) immunohistochemistry (IHC); DNA was extracted and purified from the same tissue blocks for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a 166 base pair region of the FeLV long terminal repeat (LTR). Results were related to antemortem FeLV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for serum p27 antigen, anatomic site of LSA, and patient age. Viral DNA was detected by PCR in 80% of cases and viral antigen by IHC in 57% of cases. Seventeen cases were PCR-positive and IHC-negative; one case was PCR-negative and IHC-positive. Clinical records included FeLV ELISA results for 30 of 70 cats. All 19 ELISA-positive cats were positive by PCR and IHC; of the 11 ELISA-negative cats that were negative by IHC, seven were positive by PCR. When evaluated according to anatomic site, FeLV DNA and antigen were detected less frequently in intestinal LSAs than in multicentric and mediastinal tumors. Lymphosarcoma tissues from cats < 7 yr were several fold more likely to be positive for FeLV antigen by IHC than were tumors from cats > or = 7 yr. However, there was no significant difference in PCR detection of FeLV provirus between LSAs from cats < 7 yr and those > or = 7 yr.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Immunohistochemical detection of swine influenza A virus in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues.

An avidin-biotin complex (ABC) immunohistochemical method utilizing a commercially-available polyclonal antiserum to human influenza A virus was used to detect antigens of influenza A virus in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of swine. Influenza A antigens were immunohistochemically detected in 28/30 cases in which influenza A virus was demonstrated by virus isolation and in 5/22 cases suspected to be influenza A-infected by clinical and histological criteria, but from which the virus was not isolated. Viral antigen was not demonstrated in 30/30 cases not suspected clinically or histologically to be associated with influenza infection. This method is a convenient, sensitive, and specific means of influenza A virus detection and is applicable to both routine diagnosis of influenza A virus infection and to retrospective and prospective studies of the occurrence and the pathogenesis of this virus in pigs.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effect of influenza A/equine/H3N8 virus isolate variation on the measurement of equine antibody responses.

This study has tested the effect of using homologous or heterologous equine influenza A virus isolates to evaluate serum antibody levels to influenza A virus in vaccinated and naturally-infected horses. In addition, the potential effect of antigenic selection of virus variants in egg versus tissue culture propagation systems was studied. Serum antibody levels in samples from horses recently infected with a local influenza A virus isolate (A/equine 2/Saskatoon/1/90) or recently vaccinated with a prototype isolate (A/equine 2/Miami/1/63) were assessed by hemagglutination inhibition and by single radial hemolysis using cell or egg-propagated A/equine 2/Saskatoon/1/90, A/equine 2/Miami/1/63 or A/equine 2/Fontainebleau/1/79. There were no significant differences in hemagglutination inhibition or single radial hemolysis antibody levels obtained with homologous or heterologous isolates or between viruses propagated in either eggs or cell culture. However there was a trend to higher titers in the hemagglutination inhibition assay when cell-propagated virus was used. These results suggest that antigenic variation in equine influenza A virus isolates and host-cell selection of antigenic variants during virus propagation may not be of sufficient magnitude to influence serological evaluation of antibody responses by hemagglutination inhibition or single radial hemolysis.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemical detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues.

Thirty-two monoclonal antibodies directed against epitopes on bovine viral diarrhea virus proteins and glycoproteins were tested for immunohistochemical reactivity with bovine viral diarrhea virus in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues from 45 cases of bovine viral diarrhea virus-associated mucosal disease. Only one antibody, designated 15C5, which reacts with the 48-kD glycoprotein of bovine viral diarrhea virus, detected an epitope preserved in these specimens. Monoclonal antibody 15C5 and a polyclonal antibody to bovine viral diarrhea virus successfully detected bovine viral diarrhea viral antigens in 44/45 cases of mucosal disease and did not react with formalin-fixed tissues from 30 uninfected cattle. Monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemical detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus is routinely fixed tissue specimens has advantages over other currently available techniques in terms of the convenience of specimen submission, the relative ease of method standardization, and the rapidity of the test, and by enabling identification of the virus in association with specific tissues, cell types, and histologic lesions.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies for immunohistochemical detection of bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus in frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues.

Accurate identification of bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus in bovine respiratory disease requires dependable, sensitive, and specific techniques for detection in affected animals. Immunohistochemical testing can be a rapid and reliable means of demonstration of virus in tissues from suspect cases; however, this procedure is dependent upon the quality of the antisera directed against the viral antigens. The production of rabbit polyclonal and murine monoclonal antibodies directed against bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus and techniques for their use in fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues in immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase-based immunohistochemical tests are described.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Experimental reproduction of respiratory tract disease with bovine respiratory syncytial virus.

An experiment was conducted to reproduce respiratory tract disease with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) in one-month-old, colostrum-fed calves. The hypothesized role of viral hypersensitivity and persistent infection in the pathogenesis of BRSV pneumonia was also investigated. For BRSV inoculation a field isolate of BRSV, at the fifth passage level in cell culture, was administered by a combined respiratory tract route (intranasal and intratracheal) for four consecutive days. Four groups of calves were utilized as follows: Group I, 6 calves sham inoculated with uninfected tissue culture fluid and necropsied 21 days after the last inoculation; Group II, 6 calves inoculated with BRSV and necropsied at the time of maximal clinical response (4-6 days after the last inoculation); Group III, 6 calves inoculated with BRSV and necropsied at 21 days after the last inoculation; Group IV, 6 calves inoculated with BRSV, rechallenged with BRSV 10 days after initial exposure, and necropsied at 21 days after the initial inoculation. Clinical response was evaluated by daily monitoring of body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood gas tensions, hematocrit, total protein, white blood cell count, and fibrinogen. Calves were necropsied and pulmonary surface lesions were quantitated by computer digitization. Viral pneumonia was reporduced in each principal group. Lesions were most extensive in Group II. Disease was not apparent in Group I (controls). Significant differences (p less than 0.05) in body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial oxygen tension, and pneumonic surface area were demonstrated between control and infected calves. Results indicate that severe disease and lesions can be induced by BRSV in one-month-old calves that were colostrum-fed and seropositive to BRSV. BRSV rechallenge had minimal effect on disease progression. Based on clinical and pathological response, results did not support viral hypersensitivity or persistent infection as pathogenetic mechanisms of BRSV pneumonia.

Animals↗