Biomedical subjects

D M Cromeens

Publications and source records attributed to D M Cromeens.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2001

Extravesical cryosurgical approach for VX2 bladder tumor in rabbits.

This study characterized the VX2 bladder cancer model in rabbits and tested the feasibility of treating bladder cancer by extravesical cryosurgery. After the growth characteristics of the VX2 bladder tumor model were determined, the VX2 tumor was inoculated into rabbits at the dome of the bladder. One week later, three freeze/thaw cycles were followed by immediate surgical repair. The control group underwent a sham operation without freezing. When the VX2 tumor is injected into the bladder wall, invasion and central necrosis occurred within I week, lymphatic metastases by 2 weeks, and lung metastases by 3 weeks after inoculation. By 4 weeks, all control rabbits had large VX2 tumors in their bladders and advanced lung metastases. Nine of the ten rabbits in the cryosurgical group had mild to moderate degrees of lung metastases, and six of them had relatively small local recurrences. One rabbit had no tumor in the bladder and only microscopic lung metastasis. The extravesical approach to cryosurgery employing bladder inversion is well tolerated. Cryosurgery exhibits modest efficacy in treating local tumors and delaying lung metastasis in this aggressive tumor model.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Iatrogenic Horner's syndrome in an experimental pig.

An adult domestic female pig (Sus scrofa) exhibited clinical signs of right-sided Horner's syndrome after experimental placement of a woven aortic stent followed by aortic catheterization. The clinical signs included a miotic pupil, ptosis of the upper eyelid, prolapse of the nictitating membrane, and enophthalmos. Necropsy revealed a large mass in the right midcervical region that encased or was in contact with the carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve. Closer evaluation of the mass revealed that it was a small piece of surgical suture material that was embedded within the lumen of the carotid artery. This extrinsic material served as a nidus for an inflammatory reaction involving the vagus nerve.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Transrectal ultrasound-guided intraprostatic injection of absolute ethanol with and without carmustine: a feasibility study in the canine model.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a reliable intraprostatic injection technique and to define the local and systemic toxicity of intraprostatic injection of dehydrated ethanol with and without carmustine. METHODS: Twenty-three random-source male canines were divided into a control group (n = 3), a dehydrated ethanol-alone group (group 1, n = 10), and a dehydrated ethanol-plus-carmustine group (group 2, n = 10). A reliable intraprostatic injection technique was developed with the control animals. The optimal volume of dehydrated ethanol for intraprostatic injection and the local tissue effects of dehydrated ethanol injection were defined with group 1. The local tissue effects of escalating doses of carmustine were defined with group 2. All animals were injected under general anesthesia using transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guidance. Fourteen days after injection, a repeated TRUS of the prostate was done, the animals were killed, and the bladder, prostate, and periprostatic tissues were excised for pathologic examination. RESULTS: Sonographic changes in the prostate 2 weeks after injection were present in all group 1 and 2 animals. All prostates had varying amounts of hemorrhagic and coagulative necrosis, which correlated with the TRUS findings. There were no differentiating pathologic features between group 1 and group 2 specimens. The relative amount of necrosis varied with the doses of dehydrated ethanol and carmustine injected, but was not predictable on the basis of the doses administered. Subclinical prostatic microabscesses were identified in 6 of 10 group 1 animals and 4 of 10 group 2 animals. Only group 2 animals had alterations in their blood chemistry results, all of which were self-limited. Two had white blood cell nadirs of less than 2000 5 days after injection. No animals developed incontinence, and there were no rectal injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Intraprostatic dehydrated ethanol and carmustine injections were readily controllable under TRUS guidance and resulted in hemorrhagic and coagulative necrosis of prostatic tissue with minimal associated morbidity and no incontinence in the dog model. Hematologic changes observed in the animals that received carmustine were self-limiting.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Elastographic imaging of thermal lesions in soft tissue: a preliminary study in vitro.

The use of elastography for the visualization of thermal lesions in biological soft tissue in vitro was investigated. Thermal lesions were created in samples of postmortem ovine kidney using a surgical neodymium: YAG (Nd:YAG) laser. The kidney samples were cast in gel, and elastographic images of the lesions were constructed using sonographic information and external markers to locate the region of interest. Gross pathology of the kidney samples confirmed the dimensions of the lesions. Good correlation between the lesion length along the laser fiber axis and maximum diameter measured off of the fiber axis determined from elastographic images and gross pathology photographs was found.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Preclinical analysis of radiolabeled anti-GD2 immunoglobulin G.

BACKGROUND: Unlabeled murine monoclonal anti-GD2 immunoglobulin (Ig)G (14G2a) reactive with nervous system diganglioside and neuroblastoma, melanoma, and small cell lung carcinoma produces tumor regression. However, serious acute abdominal pain, paresthesia, hypotension and hypertension, syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), and occasional motor weakness occur. Studies in preclinical animal models can elucidate the mechanism of the observed neurotoxicity and lead to anti-GD2 antibody treatment with a higher therapeutic ratio. METHODS: One mg of 14G2a or control IgG was labeled with 1-2 mCi of indium-111 and administered intravenously to beagles (n = 8). In 2 dogs, additional high dose (200 mg) unlabeled 14G2a was given over 5 days. Whole body gamma camera images and SPECT scans were obtained repeatedly over 7 days. On Day 7, sciatic nerve conduction studies were performed, and after euthanasia radioactivity was determined in major organs. RESULTS: Unlabeled high dose 14G2a administered to mice, rats, or rabbits did not cause neurotoxicity within 3 weeks. GD2 antigens were shown by immunochemistry to be present in brain and peripheral nerve tissues of rodents and beagles. After in vivo administration of radiolabeled 14G2a, canine lymph nodes showed specific uptake, but only minimal radioactivity was found in the nervous system. Dogs that received additional high dose unlabeled 14G2a showed much higher lymph node uptake and follicular lymph node hyperplasia. Low motor response amplitudes on nerve conduction studies were noted. CONCLUSIONS: A radioisotope label on IgG and its visualization in a large series of animal models indicate that a low protein dose of anti-GD2 IgG will not cause neurologic side effects in patients. High protein dose anti-GD2 IgG may enhance antineoplastic effects and contribute to neurotoxicity through stimulation of normal lymphocytes with subsequent release of cytokines.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Drug-induced vasodilation in an in vitro and in vivo study: the effects of nicardipine, papaverine, and lidocaine on the rabbit carotid artery.

Extreme arterial vasoconstriction (vasospasm) is a common problem encountered in microvascular surgery. An ideal pharmacologic tool able to counteract ischemia during microsurgery should be easy to apply and exert its action both locally and distally in the microcirculation of the flap. We have compared in vitro and in vivo vascular properties of nicardipine, papaverine, and lidocaine in the rabbit carotid artery. In vitro, rings from the rabbit carotid artery (n = 7) were bathed in Krebs-Ringers solution and stretched progressively to an optimal tension of 3.7 to 4.2 g. The specimens were contracted with norepinephrine (1 microM), and a cumulative dose response curve was established. In vivo, microvascular anastomoses were performed bilaterally in the rabbit carotid artery in 35 animals using 9-0 nylon suture and standard microsurgical techniques. During and after the anastomoses, nicardipine (0.1, 0.01 mg topical, or 0.1 mg/hour IV), papaverine (30 mg/cc topical), and lidocaine (2% with and without epinephrine) were applied (blinded) at the anastomotic site in five rabbits each. Heparinized sodium chloride was used as topical irrigation for control and to clean the anastomosis. Blood flow changes were monitored continuously with the transonic Doppler for 30 minutes after the procedure. The systemic blood pressure was also monitored in a group of pilot experiments. A documented decrease in blood flow was noted in all animals after the microvascular anastomosis. Nicardipine and papaverine evoked a concentration-dependent relaxation to precontracted rings to norepinephrine. Nicardipine was greater than papaverine in inducing relaxation. Lidocaine demonstrated a biphasic response with low concentrations potentiating contraction. Systemic nicardipine and papaverine significantly increased the blood flow in the rabbit carotid artery. Topical application of nicardipine and lidocaine did not significantly alter the blood flow; however, the application of nicardipine demonstrates a trend toward increased flow. Lidocaine with epinephrine significantly decreased the blood flow. No drug was found to alter the blood pressure of the animals. Our results demonstrate that nicardipine and papaverine seem to be pharmacologic tools able to increase the blood flow in anastomotic arteries. In contrast, the use of 2% lidocaine as a spasmolytic agent should be re-evaluated, since this substance may act as a partial agonist.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1997

Stenosing colonic adenocarcinoma in a female rhesus monkey.

Laparoscopic surgery was performed on a 16 year-old female rhesus monkey presenting with chronic lethargy and inappetence. The procedure revealed a "napkin-ring" stricture located in the ascending large colon. Histologic evaluation of the colonic lesion exhibited large numbers of irregular acini lined by a single layer of well-differentiated neoplastic epithelial cells. Based on the gross and histopathologic findings a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the proximal colon was made.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1996

Visual laser ablation of the canine prostate with a diffusing fiber and an 805-nanometer diode laser.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Although the popularity of visual laser ablation of the prostate (VLAP) as a treatment for symptomatic, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is increasing, the perceived advantages of VLAP over conventional transurethral electroresection of the prostate (TURP) is being debated because optimal technique and dosimetry for surgical lasers are still being refined. At this time, the 1.06 neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser and a laterally deflecting delivery system is the hardware combination most widely used for VLAP. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Reported here is a study of an alternate system, a 805-nm diode laser (Diomed 25 Diomedics, The Woodlands, TX) with a cylindrically diffusing fiber (Surgimedics Inc., The Woodlands, TX). Eight mongrel dogs were prostatectomized by transurethral irradiation of the prostate with 15,000 J of diode laser energy delivered via a fiber that diffuses the energy in a 1.5-cm-long cylindrical pattern. The dogs were sacrificed and prostates harvested at 3 hours and 1,4,7,14,21,35, and 49 days after the procedure, fixed with 10% buffered formalin, and examined histologically. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: It was found that this laser/fiber combination created volumes of tissue coagulation similar to those encountered in our previous work with the Nd:YAG laser in combination with both laterally deflecting and diffuser fibers, while offering the distinct advantages of simplified technique, lower cost hardware, and fewer postoperative complications in the dog model.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Alternative methods of exposure minimize cardiopulmonary risk in experimental animals during minimally invasive surgery.

BACKGROUND: Alternative methods of exposure are needed for minimally invasive surgery to avoid hypercarbia and acidosis associated with carbon dioxide (CO2) abdominal insufflation. The goals of this study were to determine the pulmonary and hemodynamic effects of both helium (HE) abdominal insufflation and placement of a mechanical abdominal wall-lifting device (lifter) during laparoscopy. METHODS: Sixteen adult domestic pigs under general endotracheal anesthesia underwent baseline measurements of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), cardiac output (CO), and arterial blood gas. Six pigs underwent standard CO2 abdominal insufflation, five pigs underwent abdominal insufflation with HE, and a lifter was used for exposure in five other animals. Sequential readings of PCWP, CO, and arterial blood gas were recorded at 20-min intervals for 60 min in all 16 animals. RESULTS: No significant changes from baseline values were noted in arterial pCO2 or pH in animals who underwent placement of the lifter at any time point. After undergoing HE insufflation, animals experienced modest but significant acidosis and little change in pCO2. There was a significant rise in arterial pCO2 and decrease in pH from baseline values at all time points in animals undergoing CO2 insufflation. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that neither HE abdominal insufflation or the lifter have significant deleterious pulmonary or hemodynamic effects on experimental animals during laparoscopy. Gasless laparoscopy or HE insufflation may provide a safer alternative method of exposure for minimally invasive surgery in patients with pre-existing pulmonary or cardiac dysfunction. By minimizing risk in these patients, costly invasive monitoring may be avoided.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Proposal for translational analysis and development of clinical radiolabeled immunoglobulin therapy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Radiolabeled immunoglobulin therapy (RIT) can be a selective, effective, low-toxicity outpatient cancer therapy. A consensus on the best approach for the preclinical and clinical development of RIT reagents needs to be developed. We report the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center prior experience in translating RIT from laboratory to clinic for the treatment of Hodgkin's disease and propose a flow diagram for the development of RIT for other malignancies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three different animal models are described: nude mice bearing human tumor xenografts, normal beagle dogs, and normal rhesus monkeys. We produced and purified antibodies and prepared chelate-immunoconjugates reactive with six different human tumor-associated antigens. The Igs used were derived from rabbits, mice, and humans (human-derived RIT reagents being less immunogenic in human patients). Eighty patients with refractory Hodgkin's disease were treated with radiolabeled antiferritin. RESULTS: We recommend a two-injection scheme using, (1) an indium-111-labeled radioimmunoconjugate for diagnosis, pharmacokinetic studies, and dosimetry, and (2) a yttrium-90-labeled radioimmunoconjugate for therapy. The animal models provide useful data on tumor targeting, radiotoxicology, and undesirable biodistributions. A 70% response rate is obtained in patients with advanced recurrent Hodgkin's disease. More extensive preclinical testing allows for safer and more effective clinical RIT studies. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend, (1) preclinical optimization of chelation chemistry, Ig size, Ig origin, route of administration, and fractionation, (2) new clinical Phase I-III studies more appropriate for RIT development than the classical Phase I-III studies used for the development of chemotherapeutic agents, and (3) more extensive preclinical testing of RIT reagents.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Thrombosis in an ischemia-reperfusion injury flap model: is vessel anastomosis a factor?

This study was undertaken to elucidate the possible contribution of vessel anastomosis to the incidence of vessel thrombosis in an ischemia- reperfusion injury flap model in rabbits. Bilateral groin flaps were elevated on isolated vascular pedicles and rendered ischemic for 6 (n = 11), 8 (n = 5), 15.5 (n = 5), or 24 hr (n = 8). After the ischemic episode, an arterial anastomosis was performed on one side, and then perfusion was reestablished on both sides. Although the incidence of thrombosis increased with the interval of ischemia, there was no statistically significant difference in thrombosis rate between the two sides for any of the ischemia intervals studied. The authors conclude that the presence of an arterial anastomosis does not increase the rate of vessel thrombosis in flaps after primary ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rabbit model.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗

PubMed1995

Collagen matrix cisplatin prevents local tumor growth after margin-positive resection.

The extent of a tumor, sometimes combined with its anatomic location, can compromise the surgeon's ability to obtain clear margins of resection. Regional recurrence of a tumor in the resection bed frequently produces significant local morbidity and limits patient survival time and quality of life. A positive margin resection model was created by induction of perinephric VX-2 tumors in New Zealand white rabbits followed by unilateral nephrectomy with grossly positive margins in the retroperitoneum. Resection bed injection of a novel collagen matrix with cisplatin (CDDP) and epinephrine prevented tumor recurrence in all treated animals. In contrast, control animals treated with CDDP alone, CDDP and epinephrine alone, or the collagen matrix with epinephrine had bulky tumor recurrence in the resection bed. Resection bed tissue levels of platinum were determined by flameless absorption spectrophotometry at 1, 4, and 7 days following nephrectomy and injection of the collagen matrix, CDDP, and epinephrine or CDDP and epinephrine without the collagen matrix. Significantly higher resection bed drug levels of platinum were achieved through the use of the novel collagen matrix than through the use of CDDP and epinephrine alone (P < 0.05). The results of this study indicate that tumor bed treatment with CDDP and a unique collagen matrix drug-delivery vehicle produces prolonged high resection bed levels of platinum and prevents local tumor recurrence.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Interstitial laser prostatectomy.

Serial gross and histopathologic examinations of the prostate following interstitial laser prostatectomy in the canine model demonstrated distinct zonal thermal changes around the entire active area of the interstitial thermal therapy (ITT) fiber. A large, well-demarcated area of acute coagulative necrosis immediately surrounded each fiber tract; beyond that were a prominent narrow peripheral zone of marked tissue disruption and an outer zone of hemorrhage. Liquefaction within these coagulative areas was evident within 24 hours, and by 4 days, each lobe of the prostate contained an irregular cavity that became lined by normal-appearing transitional epithelium and that, by 5 weeks, communicated with the prostatic urethra. These postmortem pathologic observations, similar to findings previously reported following transurethral laser prostatectomy, suggest that interstitial laser thermal therapy may provide an additional means for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia in men.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Pathologic changes following transurethral canine prostatectomy with a cylindrically diffusing fiber.

Transurethral laser prostatectomy was performed on eight mongrel dogs employing a cylindrically diffusing fiber delivery system and a 1.06 mu Nd:YAG laser. Each dog received 15,000 joules of laser energy delivered to the prostate in one continuous dose of 25 watts for 10 minutes. Gross and histopathologic examinations of serial sections of the prostate were performed postoperatively after intervals of 2 hours to 7 weeks. Grossly, a spherical zone of destruction averaging 2.8 cm in diameter was present in dogs except one. Histopathologic changes in the prostate consisted of acute coagulative necrosis with interstitial edema at 2 hours, becoming hemorrhagic by 24 hours. A prominent circular area of acute coagulative necrosis with progressively larger areas of liquefaction and hemorrhage was present in prostates harvested from 4 days to 1 week after lasing. Initial re-epithelization of the resulting cavity was observed at 3 weeks with nearly complete epithelialization 7 weeks after laser treatment. The simplified fiber placement and lack of postoperative complications in this small group of dogs suggest that the cylindrically diffusing fiber could offer significant advantages over laterally deflecting fibers for transurethral prostatectomies in the dog model.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Hepatic arterial infusion of verapamil and doxorubicin with complete hepatic venous isolation and extracorporeal chemofiltration: pharmacological evaluation of reduction in systemic drug exposure and assessment of hepatic toxicity.

Tumour resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs through expression of the multidrug resistance phenotype is a major impediment in the treatment of hepatic malignancies. We performed hepatic arterial infusion of verapamil (at a dose known to block P-glycoprotein activity) and doxorubicin combined with complete hepatic venous isolation and extracorporeal chemofiltration in non-tumour-bearing pigs with normal livers to evaluate the pharmacology and toxicology of this drug combination. The complete hepatic venous isolation-chemofiltration system significantly reduced system exposure to both verapamil and doxorubicin (P < 0.01). Hepatic arterial infusion of verapamil (2 mg/kg) alone did not result in hepatocellular toxicity. However, the combination of verapamil and doxorubicin (3 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg) produced significant elevations in liver enzymes (P < 0.01), and gross histological evidence of liver damage in 90% of the treated animals. The results of this study indicate that hepatic arterial infusion of verapamil and doxorubicin, in an attempt to improve treatment response in unresectable liver tumours expressing the multidrug resistance phenotype, may not be tolerated by patients with limited hepatic reserve.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

NG-methyl-L-arginine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide formation, reverses IL-2-mediated hypotension in dogs.

The effects of NG-methyl-L-arginine (L-NMA), an inhibitor of nitric oxide formation, were studied in dogs treated with interleukin-2 (IL-2). The administration of IL-2 to dogs resulted in hypotension within 3 days of treatment. The development of hypotension correlated with accumulation in the serum of nitrate, which is a stable breakdown product of nitric oxide. Administration of L-NMA decreased serum nitrate levels and increased the mean arterial pressure. The antihypotensive effect was dose dependent with a maximum effect observed at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Administration of a continuous infusion of L-NMA (5 mg.kg-1.h-1) maintained the mean arterial pressure for 48 h with concurrent administration of IL-2. Evaluation of IL-2-induced lymphokine-activated killer cell proliferation and tumoricidal activity toward a canine glioblastoma target cell line was unaffected by L-NMA. These studies imply that L-NMA may effectively ameliorate the dose-limiting hypotension associated with administration of IL-2 without adversely affecting the antitumor effects.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

NG-methyl-L-arginine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide formation, acts synergistically with dobutamine to improve cardiovascular performance in endotoxemic dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the hemodynamic effects of the nitric oxide inhibitor, NG-methyl-L-arginine, and dobutamine during experimental endotoxemia. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, controlled animal study. SETTING: University research laboratory. SUBJECTS: Adult, male mongrel dogs. INTERVENTIONS: After catheterization with a flow-directed, thermal-dilution pulmonary artery flotation catheter and arterial catheter, awake dogs received either NG-methyl-L-arginine or dobutamine alone or in combination (controls; n = 5). Other animals were administered endotoxin (50 micrograms/kg), then received either NG-methyl-L-arginine alone or in combination with dobutamine after the onset of hypotension (endotoxin-treated; n = 5). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Both dobutamine and NG-methyl-L-arginine alone had a small, but significant vasopressor effect on control animals. In contrast, administration of the combination of NG-methyl-L-arginine and dobutamine resulted in a 48.6% increase in mean arterial pressure, an effect which was dose-dependent with respect to NG-methyl-L-arginine. In dogs treated with 50 micrograms/kg of endotoxin, hypotension could be only partially reversed by NG-methyl-L-arginine, mainly due to a decline in cardiac output. Co-infusion of dobutamine reversed this depression of cardiac output and resulted in a complete restoration of blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Later stages of septic shock are characterized by hypotension and decreased myocardial performance. A major mediator of hypotension is nitric oxide, a vasodilatory agent derived from L-arginine. Administration of the arginine derivative, NG-methyl-L-arginine, improved systemic vascular resistance but not myocardial performance. The addition of an inotropic agent to NG-methyl-L-arginine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, resulted in an enhancement of the antihypotensive action of NG-methyl-L-arginine through the restoration of cardiac output. The synergistic action between dobutamine and NG-methyl-L-arginine may be of therapeutic value in the treatment of septic shock.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Amiprilose in the prevention of restenosis after coronary intervention in a swine model.

BACKGROUND: Amiprilose hydrochloride is a synthetic carbohydrate with anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties. This study tested the potential benefit of amiprilose in preventing coronary artery restenosis in a swine model. METHODS: The swine restenosis model was prepared using Hanford miniature swine made atherosclerotic with coronary abrasion, high-fat and high-cholesterol feeding, and intracoronary stenting. Eighteen animals were randomized to receive amiprilose, 100 mg/kg body weight orally twice per day (n = 9), or no amiprilose (n = 9) beginning 5 days before stenting and continuing through 4 weeks until sacrifice. Presacrifice quantitative coronary angiography and postsacrifice histologic examination revealed the degree of intimal proliferation. RESULTS: Coronary angiography revealed no difference in percentage-diameter stenosis between the amiprilose and control groups (left anterior descending artery [LAD], 46% +/- 10% vs 44% +/- 17%; circumflex artery [CFX], 43% +/- 21% vs 42% +/- 15%; right coronary artery [RCA], 37% +/- 11% vs 34% +/- 9%; P = not significant [NS]), respectively, or in change in lumen diameter from poststenting to presacrifice (LAD, -1.0 +/- 0.4 mm vs -1.1 +/- 0.7 mm; CFX, -1.2 +/- 0.8 mm vs -1.0 +/- 0.7 mm; RCA, -1.1 +/- 0.4 mm vs -1.0 +/- 0.4 mm; P = NS). Morphometric histologic analysis likewise showed no difference in percentage-area stenosis (LAD, 55% +/- 14% vs 55% +/- 15%; CFX, 53% +/- 15% vs 54% +/- 12%; RCA, 39% +/- 17% vs 39% +/- 20%; P = NS) or in maximal intimal thickness. CONCLUSION: Amiprilose hydrochloride did not prevent coronary intimal proliferation in this swine model of restenosis.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗