Biomedical subjects

D Li

Publications and source records attributed to D Li.

At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Reduction of obesity, as induced by leptin, reverses endothelial dysfunction in obese (Lep(ob)) mice.

Obesity is a major health care problem and is associated with significant cardiovascular morbidity. Leptin, a neuroendocrine hormone released by adipose tissue, is important in modulating obesity by signaling satiety and increasing metabolism. Moreover, leptin receptors are expressed on vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and mediate angiogenesis. We hypothesized that leptin may also play an important role in vasoregulation. We investigated vasoregulatory mechanisms in the leptin-deficient obese (ob/ob) mouse model and determined the influence of leptin replacement on endothelial-dependent vasorelaxant responses. The direct effect of leptin on EC nitric oxide (NO) production was also tested by using 4, 5-diaminofluorescein-2 diacetate staining and measurement of nitrate and nitrite concentrations. Vasoconstrictor responses to phenylephrine, norepinephrine, and U-46619 were markedly enhanced in aortic rings from ob/ob mice and were modulated by NO synthase inhibition. Vasorelaxant responses to ACh were markedly attenuated in mesenteric microvessels from ob/ob mice. Leptin replacement resulted in significant weight loss and reversal of the impaired endothelial-dependent vasorelaxant responses observed in ob/ob mice. Preincubation of ECs with leptin enhanced the release of NO production. Thus leptin-deficient ob/ob mice demonstrate marked abnormalities in vasoregulation, including impaired endothelial-dependent vasodilation, which is reversed by leptin replacement. These findings may be partially explained by the direct effect of leptin on endothelial NO production. These vascular abnormalities are similar to those observed in obese, diabetic, leptin-resistant humans. The ob/ob mouse may, therefore, be an excellent new model for the study of the cardiovascular effects of obesity.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Upregulation of endothelial receptor for oxidized LDL (LOX-1) by oxidized LDL and implications in apoptosis of human coronary artery endothelial cells: evidence from use of antisense LOX-1 mRNA and chemical inhibitors.

A specific lectin-like endothelial receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein (LOX-1), distinct from the scavenger receptor in monocytes/macrophages, has been identified and cloned. In this study, we examined the regulation of LOX-1 by oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and determined the role of LOX-1 in ox-LDL-induced apoptosis of cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs). Incubation of HCAECs with ox-LDL (40 microg/mL), but not native LDL, for 24 hours markedly increased LOX-1 expression (mRNA and protein). After 48 hours of preincubation of HCAECs with a specific antisense to LOX-1 mRNA (antisense LOX-1), ox-LDL-mediated upregulation of LOX-1 was suppressed (P<0.01). In contrast, treatment of HCAECs with sense LOX-1 had no effect. Ox-LDL also induced apoptosis (determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling and DNA laddering) of HCAECs in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion. LOX-1 played an important role in ox-LDL-mediated apoptosis of HCAECs because antisense LOX-1 inhibited this effect of ox-LDL. Polyinosinic acid and carrageenan, 2 different chemical inhibitors of LOX-1, also decreased ox-LDL-mediated apoptosis of HCAECs. Nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB was markedly activated in ox-LDL-treated HCAECs. The critical role of NF-kappaB activation became evident in experiments with antisense LOX-1, which abolished ox-LDL-mediated NF-kappaB activation. In this process, an NF-kappaB inhibitor, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, also inhibited ox-LDL-mediated apoptosis of HCAECs. These findings indicate that ox-LDL upregulates its own endothelial receptor. Ox-LDL-induced apoptosis is mediated by the action of LOX-1. In this process, NF-kappaB activation may play an important role as a signal transduction mechanism.

Apoptosis↗

PubMed2000

Regulation of ciliary beat frequency by the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling pathway in rat airway epithelial cells.

Nitric oxide (NO) upregulates ciliary beat frequency (CBF). The present study evaluates mechanisms of the NO-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway regulation of CBF. Rat tracheal explants were loaded with 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate for the demonstration of NO production by ciliated epithelial cells after L-arginine (L-Arg) stimulation. CBF was measured using phase contrast microscopy and videotape analysis. The roles of NO, soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PK) G, and phosphodiesterase (PDE) V in regulation of CBF were evaluated. NO synthase (NOS) was activated with L-Arg or inhibited with N(G)-monomethyl-L-Arg. sGC was stimulated with NO donors 1-hydroxy-2-oxo-3- (N-ethyl-2-aminoethyl)-3-ethyl-1-triazene and S-nitroso-L-glutathione or mimicked by 8-bromo-guanosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cGMP) and inhibited with 1H-[1,2, 4]oxadiazole[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one. The effects of the PKG inhibition with KT5823 and PDE V inhibition with Zaprinast were also examined. The studies demonstrate that ciliated epithelial cells produce NO, which is correlated with CBF stimulation. L-Arg dose- and time-dependently increases CBF, and NO donors, 8-Br-cGMP, and Zaprinast also enhance CBF. Inhibitors of NOS, sGC, and PKG can block the stimulant effect of L-Arg on CBF. Thus, NO is a regulator of CBF acting via sGC and PKG. The NO-cGMP signaling pathway regulates CBF in an autocrine manner in cultured rat ciliated airway epithelium.

Alkaloids↗

PubMed2000

Existence of galanin in lumbosacral sympathetic ganglionic neurons that project to the quail uterine oviduct.

Oviposition in birds is conducted by vigorous contractions of the uterine oviduct. We recently isolated an oviposition-inducing peptide that was identified as avian galanin from mature quail oviducts. This peptide was localized in neuronal fibers terminating in muscle layers in the uterine oviduct and evoked vigorous uterine contractions through binding to receptors located in the uterus. However, no cell bodies that express avian galanin were detected in the uterus or other oviduct regions. To understand the control mechanism of avian oviposition by galanin, we identified the neurons that synthesize galanin and project to the uterus with the combination of retrograde labeling with neurobiotin and immunocytochemistry for galanin in mature Japanese quails. Retrograde labeling with neurobiotin from the uterus revealed that lumbosacral sympathetic ganglionic neurons located in the uterine side projected their axons to the uterine muscle layer. Abundant elementary granules were observed in somata of the retrogradely labeled sympathetic ganglionic neurons, suggesting that labeled neurons may function as a neurosecretory cell. Immunocytochemical analysis with the antiserum against avian galanin showed an intense immunoreaction restricted to somata of the retrograde-labeled ganglionic neurons. Preabsorbing the antiserum with avian galanin resulted in a complete absence of the immunoreaction. Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using antigalanin serum confirmed that avian galanin existed in the sympathetic ganglionic neurons. Expression of the avian galanin messenger RNA in the neurons was further verified by Northern blot analysis. In addition, both avian galanin and its messenger RNA in the neurons were highly expressed in mature birds, unlike in immature birds. These results suggest that lumbosacral sympathetic ganglionic neurons innervating the uterine muscle produce avian galanin in mature birds. Because this peptide acts directly on the uterus to evoke oviposition through a mechanism of the induction of vigorous uterine contraction, galaninergic innervation of the uterine oviduct may be essential for avian oviposition.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Structural and functional brain integrity of fetal alcohol syndrome in nonretarded cases.

PURPOSE: To determine the structural and functional integrity of the brain in a sample of nonretarded individuals diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome. SUBJECTS: The sample consisted of nineteen individuals who met the diagnostic criteria for fetal alcohol syndrome. METHODS: Intellectual function was assessed using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. Structural integrity of the brain was assessed using magnetic resonance imaging whereas functional integrity was assessed using positron emission tomography and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose. RESULTS: The mean Full Scale IQ was 80. 2 (range: 66-92). Only 1 magnetic resonance imaging was found to be abnormal. This abnormality was found for the subject with the lowest IQ. Decreases in relative regional cerebral metabolic rates were found in 5 brain regions comprising the thalamus and basal ganglia. CONCLUSION: These results when coupled with previous findings suggest a continuum of neuropathology in fetal alcohol syndrome. For cases with relatively mild intellectual deficits, the cause of the deficit is at a micro-level rather than a macro-level.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

[3-D direct matching interpolation for rotary scanning echo-cardial images].

In the present paper, a method of three dimension direct matching interpolation for a series of 2-D echo-cardial images with intersecting each other and arranging at an angle in space has been developed. It is different from the conventional interpolation. During the interpolation, sectional images are acquired and the 3-D spatial position of "empty voxel" in sectional images is located; secondly, the cubic volume is constructed, and the motion orbit of images between two windows where the nearest original image intersects to the volume is found up, passing through the "empty voxel"; In the end, based on the matching pixels, the "empty voxel" is interpolated. This method simplifies the two interopolating procedures of the conventional methods into one procedure, and overcomes the shortcoming of the overlap of image data. Experiments show that the accuracy and reasonability of interpolation can be improved by the proposed method.

Echocardiography↗

PubMed2000

Protection against myocardial dysfunction induced by global ischemia-reperfusion by antisense-oligodeoxynucleotides directed at beta(1)-adrenoceptor mRNA.

Plasma catecholamine levels rise, and myocardial beta(1)-adrenoceptor (beta(1)-AR) sensitivity increases during ischemia. These factors enhance myocardial injury and cardiac dysfunction. beta(1)-AR blockers are clinically used to protect heart against ischemia and to improve cardiac dysfunction in patients with ischemic heart disease, but these agents often cause intolerable side effects. To examine the potential cardioprotective effect of therapy with antisense-oligodeoxynucleotides directed at beta(1)-AR mRNA (beta(1)-AS-ODNs) during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with beta(1)-AS-ODNs or inverted-oligodeoxynucleotides (IN-ODNs), each 200 microg/rat. Hearts were excised, perfused, and subjected to global ischemia (30 min) followed by reperfusion (30 min). Other rats were given selective beta(1)-AR blocker atenolol (2 mg/kg) or saline before excising the hearts. Ischemia-reperfusion resulted in cardiac dysfunction, indicated by an increase in coronary perfusion pressure and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and a decrease in developed left ventricular pressure, as well as evidence of lipid peroxidation in saline-treated rats (all P <.05 versus control values). Administration of AS-ODNs or atenolol, but not IN-ODNs, protected hearts against functional deterioration and lipid peroxidation (P <.05 versus saline or IN-ODNs treatment). AS-ODNs therapy appeared to be equivalent to atenolol in these effects. Expression of beta(1)-AR protein as well as mRNA in the myocardium were markedly up-regulated after ischemia-reperfusion, and treatment with beta(1)-AS-ODNs, but not atenolol, decreased the rise in enhanced expression of beta(1)-AR. These observations imply that beta(1)-AS-ODNs can ameliorate cardiac dysfunction after ischemia-reperfusion by reducing the expression of beta(1)-AR in the ischemic-reperfused myocardium.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Association between hypertensive cerebrovascular stroke and renin-angiotensin system gene polymorphism from Chinese cohort in Shanghai].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between hypertensive cerebrovascular stroke and renin-angiotensin system gene polymorphism from Chinese cohort. METHODS: The polymorphisms of angiotensinogen(AGT) and angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE) from 257 cases of simple essential hypertension(EH) and 218 cases of hypertensive stroke(131 hemorrhagic cases and 87 ischemic cases were detected by PCR-RFLP. RESULTS: The frequencies of DD genotype and D allele of ACE gene in ischemic stroke were significantly higher than those in hemorrhagic stroke and EH, and the odds ratios(OR) of DD/II genotype were 3.25(2.20-4.79) and 2.87(2.03-4.06), while the OR of D/I allele were 1.83(1.38-2.43) and 1.69(1.27-2.24) respectively. Otherwise, there was no difference in frequency distribution of Met235Thr mutation polymorphism and DD+TT/non DD non TT combined among the three groups. CONCLUSION: The I/D polymorphism of ACE gene may be one of the risk factors and susceptible genetic markers for ischemic stroke with essential hypertension in Chinese.

Angiotensinogen↗

PubMed2000

[Construction of expression plasmids harbouring genes encoding recombinant FN polypeptides with triple-domain and preliminary characterization of the products expressed in Escherichia coli].

To investigate the important role of recombinant triple-domain FN polypeptide in tumor therapy, two expression plasmids pF94-62 and pF94-82 were constructed and used to express triple-domain polypeptides of human FN in E. coli. The expressed polypeptides were CH62 (Pro 1239-Ser 1515 of FN linked with Ala 1690-Val 2049 through Met) and CH82 (CH62 without Pro 1953-Glu 1978). CH82 polypeptide was expressed as inclusion bodies in E. coli cultured at 37 degrees C. After denaturation with 8 mol/L urea and renaturation, the polypeptides were purified by the affinity chromatograph with Heparin-agarose, and the purified product was analysed by cell adhesion assay. The expression level of CH62 in E. coli was very low(5%), but that of CH82 was very high (21%), it suggested that N terminal sequence of Cell II in FN was the key sequence which influence the expression of triple-domain polypeptide in E. coli. The purified product was capable of binding heparin and cells, and it had a better binding activity than bifunctional-domain FN polypeptides. The production of CH82 polypeptide provided a fundamental basis for further study of recombinant product with better function of anti-metastasis and immune regulation.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Effects of angiotensin II receptor blockade on hepatic fibrosis in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade, losartan, on serum levels of components of extracellular matrix in experimental fibrotic rats. METHODS: Fifty male Spague-Dawley rats were separated into five groups (control, model, and 3 treatment groups). Excepting rats in control group, all rats were given subcutaneous injection of 40% carbon tetrachloride (once every 3 days for 6 weeks). Rats in 3 treatment groups were also given losartan of 10mg/kg, 5mg/kg, 2.5mg/kg daily for 6 weeks via gastrogavage, respectively. At the end of sixth week, all rats were sacrificed. Radioimmunoassay was performed to determine the serum levels of hyaluronic acid (HA), Laminin (LN), procollagen type III (PCIII) and collagen type IV. Van Giesion collagen staining was used to evaluate the extracellular matrix of the liver tissue. RESULTS: Compared with model group, losartan significantly reduced the serum levels of HA [from (911.66 +/- 345.49)microg/L to (425.05 +/- 115.80)microg/L], LN [from (209.87 +/- 91.57)microg/L to (83.56 +/- 22.12)microg/L, PCIII [from (31.82 +/- 6.90)microg/L to (22.78 +/- 8.38)microg/L] and collagen IV [from (54.09 +/- 19.81)microg/L to (30.51 +/- 12.39)microg/L] (P<0.05) and greatly attenuated the degree of liver fibrosis (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Losartan can markedly reduce the serum levels of LN, HA, PCIII and collagen type IV of fibrotic rats induced by CCl(4) and greatly attenuate the degree of liver fibrosis.

Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists↗

PubMed2000

Marine lipids: overview "news insights and lipid composition of Lyprinol".

The omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have had a major impact on thinking in medicine in the last twenty years. The parent fatty acid in the omega 3 fatty acid family is alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) which is an essential fatty acid found in high concentrations in certain plant oils, such as flaxseed oil, walnut oil and canola oil. Several longer chain or derived omega 3 fatty acids are formed from alpha-linolenic acid and these are mainly found in fish, fish oils and from other marine organisms. The main marine omega 3 fatty acids are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). It is of interest that DHA is specifically localised in the retina and the brain in humans and other mammals. The longer chain omega 3 fatty acids are rapidly incorporated into cell membrane phospholipids where it is regarded they influence the metabolism/metabolic events within the cells. The mechanisms by which these changes occur include alteration in the fluidity of membranes such that there are subtle changes in receptor function, alteration in cell signalling mechanisms, membrane-bound enzymes, regulation of the synthesis of eicosanoids, and regulation of gene expression. In this chapter, we report a comparison between the composition of the oil derived from the New Zealand Green Lipped Mussel (Lyprinol') and two other oils rich in omega 3 fatty acids, namely flaxseed oil and tuna oil. The main lipid classes in Lyprinol' were sterol esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, sterols and phospholipids while triglycerides were the main lipids in the other two oils. The main omega 3 fatty acids in Lyprinol' were EPA and DHA, while in flaxseed oil and tuna oil the main omega 3 fatty acids were ALA and DHA, respectively. The main sterols in Lyprinol' were cholesterol and desmosterol/brassicasterol, while in flaxseed oil and tuna oil the main sterols were beta-sitosterol and cholesterol, respectively. Epidemiological observations, populations' studies and basic research indicate the possibility of influencing the outcome of cardiovascular disease, inflammatory disorders and neural function by ingestion of the omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Interleukin-12 induces gene expression in interleukin-2 stimulated human T lymphocytes.

IL-12 is a critical immunoregulatory cytokine that promotes cell-mediated immune responses by inducing the differentiation of Th1 cells. To better clarify the molecular basis of IL-12 action, we compared the gene expression in human T lymphocytes activated by IL-2 and IL-12. mRNAs from T lymphocytes activated by either IL-2 alone or IL-2 plus IL-12 were transcribed into cDNAs. A differential mRNA display was conducted. As a result, differential display of five cDNA fragments was obtained. Sequence analysis suggests that they had high homology with recorded genes as found by a computer search against GenBank. Two full genes of the five fragments were cloned, which activation-induced C-type lectin and glucose transporter-like protein. Interestingly, these proteins were expressed in the T cells stimulated by IL-2 and IL-12, but not in the T cells stimulated by IL-2 alone. These results suggest that C-type lectin and glucose transporter-like protein may play an important role in the T lymphocyte activation induced by IL-12.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2000

[Protective effect of L-arginine on liver during ischemia-reperfusion injury].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the protective effect of L-arginine (L-Arg) on liver during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI) and its mechanisms. METHODS: Changes of several parameters, including nitric oxide (NO), malondiadehyde (MDA), thromboxane B(2) ( TXB(2) ), 6-keto-prostaglandin F(1-alpha) (6-keto-PGF(1-alpha) ), TXB(2) / 6-keto-PGF(1-alpha) ( T / K ) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as well as liver morphological changes, and the effect of L-Arg on them were observed during HIRI in 20 rabbits and 18 patients who were scheduled for elective hepatic surgery. RESULTS: The levels of NO and 6-keto-PGF(1-alpha) decreased remarkably. MDA concentration, TXB(2) content and T / K ratio as well as ALT activity increased significantly. The morphological changes of hepatocytes were obvious during HIRI. After treatment with L-Arg, the variations of all the parameters were markedly alleviated. CONCLUSION: L-Arg possess preventive effects on HIRI by raising NO and reducing MDA as well as correcting TXA(2) / PGI(2) imbalance after hepatic ischemia-reperfusion.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

[One-dimensional impact dynamic response of cancellous bone].

In this paper a one-dimensional dynamic response of cancellous bone to impact loading is investigated. It is demonstrated, based on the studies with scanning electron microscope, cancellous bone could be viewed as a cellular solid consisting of an interconnected skeleton filled with medulla. A two-phase poroelastic model is introduced to describe the cancellous bone, in which the tissue(material) densities of the skeleton and medulla are assumed to be unchangeable while the corresponding apparent densities are changeable due to the change of volume fraction, the governing equations are derived for the case of a linear poroelastic solid skeleton saturated with an inviscid medulla. Under the impact loading, responses of the skeleton displacement and stress as well as the medullary pressure are obtained with the use of Laplace transform technique. The computational result shows that the cancellous bone is provided with certain features similar to those appearing in viscoelastic solids, which means that the responses do not only depend on time, but furthermore depend on previous loading history. It is worth paying attention to the result that the medullary pressure can be negative. This point is due to the recovery of the skeleton after unloading whereas the medulla is not squeezed out but absorbed into the pores by suction.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed2000

[Comparison of occlusive dressing and vaseline gauze on the skin graft donor site wound healing].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of occlusive environment on wound healing of the skin graft donor site. METHODS: The wound healing of the skin graft donor site in adults was studied by clinic observation, histological, histochemical and electromicroscopical examinations. RESULTS: The wound under an occlusive moisture environment healed faster and the inflammation was more serious at the early stage of wound healing while the macrophages appeared more and earlier. CONCLUSIONS: The wound of a skin graft donor site in an occlusive moist condition would heal faster than that covered with conventional Vaseline gauze. The more serious inflammation and the more macrophages may be related to the result.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Comparison of effects of CH50 on macrophage activation and its anti-tumor activity with those of lipopolysaccharides.

AIM: To investigate the characterization of pharmacological action & of CH50, a recombinant polypeptide of human fibronectin, by comparing the effects of CH50 on macrophage activation and its anti-tumor activity with those of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). METHODS: The production of nitric oxide (NO) as an index macrophage activation was determined by colorimetric assay. The interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) transfection was performed with coprecipitation of calcium phosphate and DNA. The melanoma B16 cells were inoculated into abdominal cavity of mice and the number of tumor nodes was recorded. RESULTS: At lower concentrations or when given alone in vitro, CH50 produced ten times less NO than LPS (P < 0.01). But at concentrations higher than 1 mg.L-1, CH50 activated the IFN-gamma-primed macrophages to produce NO to the same extent as LPS (P > 0.05). There was no synergism between CH50 and LPS. Both CH50 and LPS alone could reduce the number of tumor nodes in abdominal cavity of mice but CH50 had a stronger inhibitory effect on the growth of tumor in vivo as compared to LPS (P < 0.01). CH50/IFN-gamma had also a better inhibitory effect on tumor growth in vivo than LPS/IFN-gamma did. CONCLUSION: In the presence of IFN-gamma, the ability of CH50 to activate macrophages is the same as that of LPS. But CH50 has better antitumorogenic effects in vivo against mouse melanoma as compared to LPS.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Study of ADRV antibody persistence in the serum of ADRV positive cases].

OBJECTIVE: This research aimed at observing the persistent time of ADRV antibody in the sera of ADRV cases. METHODS: We adopted a sensitive and specific Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting ADRV antibody in patients who had recovered. RESULTS: We tested 260 human sera from Yi-Ma town of Henan Province. One year, six years and ten years after the patients had recovered, the of positive rates for ADRV antibody were respectively 27.7%, 36.3% and 23.3%. Thirty subjects of ADRV antibody positive were followed up retrospectively, no recurrent diarrhea was found. CONCLUSIONS: The ADRV antibody can last 16 years after primary infection.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

[The partial nucleotide sequence of L segment of Hantavirus strain].

OBJECTIVE: To study the nucleotide sequence of L segment of Hantavirus strain A9. METHODS: The partial L segment cDNA of A9 strain was amplified by PCR, the PCR product was sequenced. RESULTS: The nucleotide sequence of partial L segment of A9 strain was provided, the sequence was A, T rich, similar to other Hantaviruses, and similar to both M, S segments. Compared with nucleotide sequences from other Hantaviruses, it revealed a higher homology to HTN virus strain 76-118,83.5% at nucleotide level and 96.7% at deduced amino level. SNV, PUU and Tula viruses shared the lower homology. A9 and 76-118 were at same cluster in phylogenetic analysis, close to SEO virus but not to PUU, SNV, Tula viruses. Comparing of partial nucleotide sequence of strain A9 with 76-118, some conserved regions were found, but also some regions of A9 were more conserved to other viruses not 76-118. It suggested that when design the primers for L segments amplification, more than one type of Hantavirus sequence should he concerned. Like the homology from M and S segments of Hantaviruses, the viruses isolated from same host animal showed high homology. CONCLUSIONS: Nucleotide sequence of L segment of Hantavirus strain A9 revealed homology between 85.2% -70.8% to different types of Hantavirus and shared a higher homology of 85.2% to strain 76-118.

Animals↗