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D Laird

Publications and source records attributed to D Laird.

8 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

An in vitro model fails to demonstrate aerosolization of tumor cells.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the ability of pressurized CO2 gas to aerosolize B16 melanoma (B16) tumor cells in an in vitro model. METHODS: The experimental apparatus consisted of an 18.9-L plastic cylindrical vessel and a compliant latex pouch was attached to the top. Two 5-mm ports penetrated the vessel; insufflation and desufflation were carried out through them. A culture dish containing 20 million B16 cells in liquid culture media was placed at the base within the container. In the first experiment, the vessel was insufflated with CO2 gas to a static pressure of 15 or 30 mm Hg with the outflow port closed. After 10 min, the outflow port was opened and the gas was desufflated through a collecting device containing sterile culture medium. In a second experiment, a continuous flow of CO2 through the vessel was maintained after a pressure of 15 or 30 mm Hg was established. A total of 10 L CO2 was cycled through the vessel. In both experiments, 24 determinations were carried out at each pressure. Each experimental culture dish was microscopically scanned for 2 weeks for the presence of tumor cells. The third and fourth experiments tested for the presence of aerosolized nonviable tumor cells in the expelled gas. Using the model described above, after 10 mins of 30 mm Hg static pressure, the CO2 gas was expelled directly onto a glass slide and cytofixed. Alternately, after 10 mins at 30 mm Hg static pressure, the gas was expelled through a saline-filled Soluset (Abbott Laboratories), centrifuged, and the residue cytofixed onto a glass slide. Each of the five slides per experiment were examined microscopically for the presence of cells. RESULTS: In the first and second experiments, no cells or growth were observed in any of the 96 experimental dishes. In experiments three and four, no cells were detected on any of the slides. CONCLUSIONS: It was not possible with this model to aerosolize tumor cells in a pressurized CO2 environment. Our results suggest that aerosolization of tumor cells is not the mechanism of port site recurrences after laparoscopic surgery for malignant disease.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1997

Helium-neon laser irradiation at fluences of 1, 2, and 4 J/cm2 failed to accelerate wound healing as assessed by both wound contracture rate and tensile strength.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Reports in the literature indicate that low energy laser irradiation has a biostimulatory effect on wound healing; however, no mechanism of this effect has been elucidated. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: We attempted to establish a model from which to study the mechanism of biostimulation. The effects of low energy helium-neon irradiation on wound healing were observed in two rat models. In the first model, 1.5 cm diameter full thickness excisional skin defects were created in the dorsal midline of rats (n = 32). All animals were anesthetized and all eschars were debrided daily. Wound area was determined by caliper measurements for 2 weeks postoperatively. Rats that received a treatment of 1 J/cm2 had two defects in the dorsal skin. One wound was treated and the second was used as its own control. These measurements were not blinded. Rats that received 2 J/cm2, 4 J/cm2, or anesthesia alone had one defect on the dorsal skin. Caliper measurements of these wounds were blinded. We were unable to demonstrate any difference in the rate of wound contracture in rats that received a daily dose of 1 J/cm2, 2 J/cm2, 4 J/cm2, or anesthesia alone (P > 0.8 by student's t-test). In the second model, a single 2 cm longitudinal full thickness skin incision was created in the dorsal midline of each rat (n = 24). No difference was found between rats that received anesthesia alone and those treated daily with 2 J/cm2 as assessed by tensile strength measurements on postoperative days 7 and 14 (P > 0.8 by student's t-test between groups at both time points). These determinations were blinded. RESULTS: Despite our intentions of studying the mechanism of low energy HeNe biostimulation, we were unable to demonstrate a beneficial effect. CONCLUSION: In this study, helium-neon laser irradiation produced no measurable benefit on wound healing.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Expression of the five somatostatin receptor (SSTR1-5) subtypes in rat pituitary somatotrophes: quantitative analysis by double-layer immunofluorescence confocal microscopy.

Using quantitative double-label fluorescence immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy, we have analysed the pattern of expression of SSTR1-5 in normal rat pituitary somatotrophes. Antipeptide rabbit polyclonal antibodies were produced against the extracellular domains of SSTR1-5. SSTR antigens were colocalized in GH positive cells using rhodamine conjugated secondary antibody for SSTRs and FITC-conjugated secondary antibody for GH. SSTR5 was the predominant subtype which was expressed in 86 +/- 9.7% of GH cells followed by SSTR2 in 42 +/- 6.4% of GH positive cells. SSTR4 and SSTR3 were modestly expressed in 23 +/- 4.7% and 18 +/- 3.2% of somatotrophes respectively whereas SSTR1 was the least expressed subtype occurring in only 5 +/- 1.2% of somatotrophes. These results demonstrate variable expression of the 5 SSTRs in somatotrophes. The preponderance of the SST-28 preferring SSTR5 subtype correlates with the reported higher potency of SST-28 than SST-14 for inhibiting GH secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Trocar site recurrence is unlikely to result from aerosolization of tumor cells.

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to investigate the ability of a high-pressure CO2 environment to aerosolize tumor cells in both in vitro and in vivo models. (An aerosol is defined as a stable gaseous suspension of insoluble particles). Also, this study was designed to determine if rapid desufflation is capable of transporting fluid laden with tumor cells. METHODS: The four in vitro aerosol experiments were performed in an 18.9-1 plastic vessel fitted with two 7-mm ports and a compliant latex balloon affixed to the top. After CO2 insufflation, the vessel was desufflated through a sterile soluset containing 25 ml of culture media that was subsequently emptied into a culture dish, incubated for two weeks, and periodically assessed for growth. At the bottom of the vessel, one of the following was placed: Study 1 and 2, a suspension of B16 melanoma or colon 26 tumor cells in liquid culture media; Study 3, colon 26 cells in saline solution; Study 4, several pieces of solid colon 26 tumor. In Studies 1 to 3, cell preparations were subjected to the following high-pressure CO2 conditions (pneumo): 1) static pneumo of 15 and 30 mmHg (10 minute dwell); 2) a continuous flow (CF) of CO2 (1O l) while maintaining a pressure of 15 or 30 mmHg in the vessel. In Study 4, only the 30 mmHg static and CF conditions were tested. Between 6 and 12 determinations were performed for each condition and cell preparation. In vivo aerosol experiments consisted of Spraque Dawley rats that received intraperitoneal injections of 10-5 B16 cells in 0.1 ml of liquid media. Two laparoscopic ports were placed in the abdomen, one each for insufflation and desufflation. Study groups were: 1, static CO2 pneumo of 15 mmHg; 2 and 3, continuous CO2 flow (10 l) at a stable pneumo pressure of 5 and 10 mmHg. Desufflation was performed via the same collecting device and handled in an identical manner to the in vitro experiments described above. The in vitro balloon experiment was designed to investigate the ability of desufflation to transport fluid-containing tumor cells; latex balloon model was used. To prevent complete loss of volume on desufflation, a wire coil was placed inside the balloon. Twenty ml of media containing 20 x 10(-6) B16 cells was placed in the bottom of the balloon. The balloon was insufflated with 1 to 2 l of gas. There were three study groups that differed in the degree to which the cell suspension was agitated before desufflation. Study conditions were as follows: 1) no agitation; 2) moderate agitation to coat the lower walls and coil; 3) maximum agitation to coat the entire balloon. To verify the viability of tumor cells, at the end of each in vitro and in vivo study, a sample of tumor cells or peritoneal washing was incubated in sterile media. These samples served as positive controls. RESULTS: In vitro aerosol studies consisted of the following. At the end of two weeks of incubation, no tumor growth was noted in any of the 124 test dishes. The 14 control samples all demonstrated tumor growth. In vivo aerosol studies consisted of the following. Zero of 18 experimental dishes grew tumor. All three peritoneal washing samples demonstrated growth. In vitro balloon studies consisted of the following. Zero of 12 test dishes in Groups 1 and 2 demonstrated growth, whereas five of six dishes did so in Group 3 (maximally agitated before desufflation). Again, positive controls all grew tumor cells. SUMMARY: We were unable to demonstrate aerosol formation in any of the in vitro and in vivo studies performed. In the balloon experiment, desufflation-related transport of tumor cells was demonstrated but only when the entire balloon surface was coated with the tumor cell suspension before desufflation. CONCLUSION: Aerosols of tumor cells are not likely to form. Free intraperitoneal tumor cells are most likely found in liquid suspension. Desufflation is a potential means of transport of cell-laden fluid.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1996

Genetic correlates of in vivo viral resistance to indinavir, a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor.

Indinavir (IDV) (also called CRIXIVAN, MK-639, or L-735,524) is a potent and selective inhibitor of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease. During early clinical trials, in which patients initiated therapy with suboptimal dosages of IDV, we monitored the emergence of viral resistance to the inhibitor by genotypic and phenotypic characterization of primary HIV-1 isolates. Development of resistance coincided with variable patterns of multiple substitutions among at least 11 protease amino acid residues. No single substitution was present in all resistant isolates, indicating that resistance evolves through multiple genetic pathways. Despite this complexity, all of 29 resistant isolates tested exhibited alteration of residues M-46 (to I or L) and/or V-82 (to A, F, or T), suggesting that screening of these residues may be useful in predicting the emergence of resistance. We also extended our previous finding that IDV-resistant viral variants exhibit various patterns of cross-resistance to a diverse panel of HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Finally, we noted an association between the number of protease amino acid substitutions and the observed level of IDV resistance. No single substitution or pair of substitutions tested gave rise to measurable viral resistance to IDV. The evolution of this resistance was found to be cumulative, indicating the need for ongoing viral replication in this process. These observations strongly suggest that therapy should be initiated with the most efficacious regimen available, both to suppress viral spread and to inhibit the replication that is required for the evolution of resistance.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Expression in Escherichia coli and affinity purification of a CKS-troponin I fusion protein.

The human cardiac troponin I gene was subcloned and expressed at high levels in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein to CMP-KDO synthetase (CKS). Expression levels of the CKS-troponin I fusion were 8% of total cellular protein 4 h after induction with IPTG. The fusion was expressed primarily as an insoluble protein as shown by SDS-PAGE analysis. Expressed CKS-troponin I fusion from a crude lysate was antigenic against anti-CKS and anti-troponin I monoclonal antibodies in Western blots. The fusion was affinity-purified over a TnC affinity column using a urea-solubilized extract of a crude cell lysate. Serial dilutions of crude soluble extracts of the troponin I fusion were assayed in several microparticle enzyme immunoassays and found to exhibit similar immunogenic responses relative to cardiac troponin I isolated from human heart tissue.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1993

Paradoxical pain.

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Adenocarcinoma↗