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Biomedical subjects

D L Madden

Publications and source records attributed to D L Madden.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Evaluation of commercially available diagnostic test kits for rubella.

Three standard hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) methods were compared with 11 commercially available diagnostic test kits for determination of immunity and serologic diagnosis of rubella using a panel of 100 sera. The three standard HAI methods involved removal of serum inhibitors with kaolin, heparin-MnCl2, or dextran sulfate-CaCl2. The HAI kaolin (Flow Laboratories, McLean, Virginia) and Rubelisa (Microbiological Associates Bioproducts, Walkersville, Maryland) kits gave the best specificity as judged by the absence of false-positive results. Rubacell (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, Illinois), Rubindex (Ortho Diagnostics, Raritan, New Jersey), Fiax (International Diagnostic Technology, Santa Clara, California), and Rubesure (Calbiochem-Behring, La Jolla, California) gave the best sensitivity as judged by the absence of false-negative results. The kits with the highest degree of both specificity and sensitivity were HAI kaolin (Flow), HAI heparin-MnCl2 (Flow), Rubacell (Abbott), and Rubindex (Ortho). In paired sera from five patients with clinical rubella, seroconversions were shown by seven of the kits. One of the kits, Cordia R (Cordis Laboratories, Miami, Florida), showed no significant rise in antibody titer with one pair of sera. Antibody titers in the same serum varied widely between the different kits.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Changes in immune response during responses in MS patients.

Changes in clinical status and in two measures of immune function were followed for 21 months (median) in 106 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and cohabitant controls. Antibody titers to measles, cytomegalovirus, and herpesvirus 1 and 2, and leukocyte migration inhibition indexes (LMIs) to measles and streptokinase/streptodornase (SKSD) were measured at 3- to 6-month intervals and at time of exacerbation in the index case. There were 36 exacerbations in 25 patients. Mean baseline antibody titers and LMI to measles were higher in cases than in controls. No consistent changes occurred in antibody titers to any of the viruses, non in LMI to SKSD. LMIs to measles were lower in most MS patients during exacerbations than before or after exacerbations. This apparent improvement in cell-mediated immune response to measles only during exacerbations may reflect aberrant immune regulation in MS patients, response to recrudescence of a latent agent, or some other phenomenon as yet undefined.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed1981

Measles antibody titers in multiple sclerosis patients and HLA-matched and unmatched siblings.

Antibody titers to measles, cytomegalovirus, and herpesviruses 1 and 2 were compared for siblings of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients sharing two, one, and no histocompatibility antigen haplotypes with the case. Significant differences were observed only for measles. Titers were significantly lower in siblings sharing no haplotypes with the case. Within case-sibling pairs, the presence of HLA-A-A3 and/or B7 affected measles antibody titers more than the presence of MS. These findings suggest that the immune response to measles in these sibships is influenced by the presence of HLA-A-A3 and/or B7 as well as another familial factor.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

CSF "monoclonal" bands in chronic relapsing polyneuropathy.

The characteristics and temporal profiles of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum immunoglobulin patterns on agarose gel electrophoresis were studied in 47 patients with acute idiopathic polyneuropathy (AIP) and 15 patients with chronic relapsing polyneuropathy (CRP). Nineteen of 47 patients with AIP had transient oligoclonal IgG bands, which disappeared when the neurologic signs subsided. By contrast, 14 of 15 patients with CRP had a "monoclonal" (single) IgG band, which (1) was unchanged on repeated CSF examinations over 18 months, (2) was unaffected by corticosteroid therapy, and (3) did not correlate with the severity or chronicity of the disease. Serum protein patterns and in situ central nervous system IGG synthesis and IgG:albumin index were normal in the CRP patients. The origin of the band and the nature of the putative antigen(s) that the band may be directed against were not identified. Our findings suggest that different immunopathogenic mechanisms may be operating in CRP, compared with AIP. The stable IgG band in CRP may reflect response to a persisting antigenic stimulation and, with further experience, may prove to be of prognostic significance by furnishing early in the illness: (1) a clue to the subsequent course of the disease, and (2) possible guidance on therapeutic decisions.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1979

CSF viral antibodies. Evaluation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and late-onset postpoliomyelitis progressive muscular atrophy.

Serum and CSF from 48 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and six patients with late-onset postpoliomyelitis progressive muscular atrophy were investigated for the presence of antibody to poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3, coxsackie viruses B3 and B4, influenza A, measles, rubella, mumps, herpes simplex types 1 and 2, cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster, and Toxoplasma gondii. These results were compared with those from 53 control patients with neuromuscular disease matched for age, sex, race, and poliovirus vaccine exposure. There was no difference either in distribution of serum or CSF antibody titers or the geometric-mean antibody titers. There was no evidence suggesting the presence of locally produced specific viral antibody within the CNS to any of the agents studied. In particular, there was no serological evidence to suggest an association between persistent infection with any poliovirus type and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or late-onset postpoliomyelitis progressive muscular atrophy.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in only one of identical twins. A seven-year follow-up.

We report a seven-year follow-up of identical twins, in one of whom subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) developed. Primary measles infection occurred simultaneous in both twins at age 4. The affected twin sustained a grade 1 closed head injury within six months of her primary measles infection. At age 13, SSPE was diagnosed following the onset of personality change and myoclonic seizures. Measles antibody level was elevated in the serum and CSF. After remaining in stage 2 for five years, rapid mental and neurological deterioration occurred. Measles antibody level remained elevated, and oligoclonal IgG was present in both serum and CSF. Results of neurological examination as well as virological and immunological tests were normal in the unaffected twin. Besides the occurrence of head injury, factors known to be associated with SSPE were not obviously different in the twins. We have been unable to determine a difference that would easily explain the occurrence of SSPE in only one of two identical twins.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Comparison of indirect hemagglutination and indirect immunofluorescence tests with microneutralization tests for detection of type-specific Herpesvirus hominis antibody.

Indirect hemagglutinating and immunofluorescent antibody responses to Herpesvirus hominis types 1 and 2 were compared to neutralizing antibody responses in infected humans from whom H. hominis type 1 or 2 was isolated. The indirect immunofluorescent antibody test was shown to be the most sensitive and specific for primary human infections. The sensitivity and specificity of the indirect hemagglutination and the immunofluorescent antibody tests were shown to be equal to that of the microneutralization test among patients who had primary or recurrent H. hominis type 2 infections. It is suggested that the indirect hemagglutination test is preferable for assaying large populations for previous infection with H. hominis type 2 because it is rapid, easier to perform, and more economical. The intermediate range of titer differences (deltat) between H. hominis types 1 and 2 previously reported to be due to infections with both viruses was shown to occur in all three tests among patients with primary infections with either virus.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1979

HLA types and immunity in multiple sclerosis.

HLA types and levels of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to several antigens were studied in a large group of patients with multiple sclerosis, and in controls. Patients were more likely than controls to have the DRw2 antigen. They had higher mean antibody titers to measles but not to cytomegalovirus, herpes 1, or herpes 2, and had less competent cell-mediated responses. Antibody titers to measles were lower and cell-mediated immune responses were more effective in patients with the DRw2 antigen in patients than in patients without it. This apparent specificity for measles suggests that the etiology of multiple sclerosis is related to the immune response to measles or related viruses.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1978

Brain tumors in owl monkeys inoculated with a human polyomavirus (JC virus).

Owl monkeys were inoculated intracerebrally, subcutaneously, and intravenously with JC, BK, or SV40 virus. Two of four adult owl monkeys inoculated with JC virus, a human polyomavirus, developed brain tumors at 16 and 25 months after inoculation, respectively. A grade 3 to grade 4 astrocytoma (resembling a human glioblastoma multiforme) was found in the left cerebral hemisphere and brainstem of one monkey. The second monkey developed a malignant tumor in the left cerebral hemisphere containing both glial and neuronal cell types. Impression smears prepared from unfixed tissue of this tumor showed cells that contained polyomavirus T antigen. Virion antigens were not detected. Tumor cells cultured in vitro also contained T antigen but were negative for virion antigen. Infectious virus was not isolated from extracts of this tumor.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1978

The etiology of non-specific urethritis in active duty Marines.

We studied patients with non-specific urethritis and control subjects at our dispensary. These patients and controls were matched for age, rank and sexual activity, and studied for the presence of bacteria, virus, Trichomonas and Mycoplasma. No significant bacteria were found in either group. No Trichomonas was identified, only 1 herpes II was recovered and no cytomegalovirus was found. Mycoplasma were cultured from patients and controls. The rate of colonization varied, depending upon several factors, but the significant factors seemed to be associated with the number of sexual partners. Those men with more than 1 sexual partner had a significantly increased colonization with Mycoplasma.

Adolescent↗