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Biomedical subjects

D Jolley

Publications and source records attributed to D Jolley.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

The role of childhood exposure to sunlight in the development of solar keratoses and non-melanocytic skin cancer.

The age-standardized proportion of persons with solar keratoses in 1232 Australian-born persons who were aged 40 years and older was 44.5% compared with a proportion of 15.7% in 1332 British persons who had migrated to Australia at various ages. Stratification of the British migrants into those who had arrived in Australia between one and 20 years of age and those who had arrived in Australia after the age of 20 years revealed that the proportion of persons with solar keratoses in the latter group never reached the proportion in Australian-born persons of the same age, in spite of many years in Australia after migration. Those persons who arrived in Australia between one and 20 years of age showed a lower proportion with solar keratoses in the younger age-groups, but with increasing age the proportion with solar keratoses equalled or exceeded that which was seen in Australians. These results suggest that a reduction in exposure to sunlight in childhood will reduce substantially the incidence of solar keratoses, and by implication, squamous-cell carcinomas, in adulthood.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The incidence of non-melanocytic skin cancers in an Australian population: results of a five-year prospective study.

Two thousand, six hundred and sixty-nine persons who were aged 40 years and older attended for examination of the light-exposed areas of the head and neck, forearms and dorsa of the hands during a skin-cancer survey of the population of Maryborough, which was conducted annually for five years from 1982-1986 inclusive. Sixty (2.25%) persons--12 persons each with a squamous-cell carcinoma and 48 persons with a total of 51 basal-cell carcinomas--had at least one non-melanocytic skin cancer at the first examination. One thousand, nine hundred and eighty-one (74% of the study population) persons were seen on more than one occasion, which allowed for 6288 person-years of follow-up for the determination of the incidence of new cancers. The findings showed a calculated minimal age-standardized incidence rate of 873 non-melanocytic skin cancers/100,000 population each year. The minimal incidence rate for basal-cell carcinomas was 672 cases/100,000 population each year and for squamous-cell carcinomas was 201 cases/100,000 population each year. The rate ratio of the incidence of basal-cell carcinomas to that of squamous-cell carcinomas was 3.34 to one. Age, sex, skin reaction to sunlight and occupation all were significant factors in the determination of the risk of developing non-melanocytic skin cancers. The enormous costs that are involved in the treatment of non-melanocytic skin cancers and related lesions suggest that more time, effort and money need to be spent to reduce what has become a major public-health problem in Australia.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Behavioral effects of iron supplementation in infants in Madang, Papua New Guinea.

The effect of iron supplementation on attending behavior of 96 1-y-old infants was assessed in a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of iron dextran in Papua New Guinea. The treatment group received an injection of iron dextran at 2 mo; the controls received a placebo injection. Because many children had malarial parasitemia at testing, presence of malaria was used in the analysis. A significant interaction was found between iron and malaria infection on total fixation time: iron-supplemented groups and placebo-treated parasitemic children showed significantly higher total fixation scores than did placebo-treated aparasitemic children. Blood analysis of iron status showed similar results, with lowest iron status evident in the placebo-treated aparasitemic group. There was no effect of treatment on rate of habituation or dishabituation. Supplemental iron treatment has a significant effect on attention but the direction of the effect depends on the presence of malaria infection.

Anemia, Hypochromic↗
PubMed1988

Self examination of the breast: is it beneficial? Meta-analysis of studies investigating breast self examination and extent of disease in patients with breast cancer.

The question whether the aggregated published research suggests that breast self examination is beneficial was explored in a meta-analysis of 12 studies including a total of 8118 patients with breast cancer that related the practice of breast self examination to regional lymph node state or tumour diameter. Based on the six studies for which data were available, 39% of patients (1115/2852) who reported having done breast self examination at least once before their illness had evidence of cancer in the lymph nodes compared with 50% of women (1348/2713) who had not done the examination. Logistic regression analysis showed this difference to be significant (odds ratio 0.66, confidence interval 0.59 to 0.74). Combining six studies which reported the circumstances of detection disclosed that 42% of women (272/652) who found their tumour while doing breast self examination had evidence of cancer in the nodes compared with 46% of women (871/1901) who found the tumour accidentally; this difference was not significant. Analysis of eight studies which used the diameter of the tumour to indicate the extent of disease tended to confirm the findings on lymph node state, in particular the benefit of premorbid breast self examination. Significantly fewer women who had practised the examination before the illness (56%; 1205/2137) had tumours of 2 cm or more diameter compared with women who had not practised the examination (66%; 1500/2260). The combined odds ratio for that analysis was 0.56, confidence interval 0.38 to 0.81. These findings appear to be good evidence of the benefit of encouraging women to practise self examination of the breasts regularly.

Breast↗
PubMed1986

The epidemiology of malaria in a population surrounding Madang, Papua New Guinea.

Malaria is prevalent throughout coastal and lowland Papua New Guinea. Recent changes, including a shift from predominance of Plasmodium vivax to Plasmodium falciparum, appearance of chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum and decreased effectiveness of vector control programs have been observed. Epidemiological features of malaria were studied through four six-month surveys of a population of 16,500 in Madang Province from 1981-1983. Baseline data on parasitology, splenic enlargement, serology, hemoglobin levels, prevalence of 4-aminoquinolines, utilization of mosquito nets and incidence of fever were collected for use in future evaluation of malaria control measures including possible field trials of an antimalarial vaccine. Prevalence of parasitemia (all species, all ages) varied from 35.0% to 42.7% over the four surveys each of which covered a random sample of 25% of the population. The ratio of parasite species was: P. falciparum 70:P. vivax 25:P. malariae 5 in the dry seasons, shifting slightly in favor of P. falciparum during the wet seasons. Intense year-round transmission was indicated by decreasing parasite prevalence and splenic enlargement with age, low density asymptomatic parasitemias and high prevalence of antimalarial antibodies (i.e., greater than 80% of the population over five years of age was ELISA-positive). Levels of endemicity varied geographically, presence of 4-aminoquinolines in urine samples was relatively common (12.7% positive) and chloroquine resistance was widespread (81.6% in vitro, 46.6% in vivo).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The relationship between the in vitro response of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine, quinine and mefloquine.

We have measured the in vitro response of several isolates of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine, quinine and mefloquine. We show that parasites which are resistant to chloroquine also have a reduced sensitivity to quinine. However, there appears to be no correlation between chloroquine resistance and reduced sensitivity to mefloquine. We conclude that the emergence and spread of chloroquine resistance could also be establishing a population of parasites with a reduced sensitivity to quinine which may provide the basis for the eventual emergence of quinine resistance.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Antigenic diversity found in isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from Papua New Guinea by using monoclonal antibodies.

Monoclonal antibodies were used to demonstrate antigenic diversity in over 100 primary isolates of Plasmodium falciparum collected from one area of Papua New Guinea. The frequencies of several parasite antigens in our sample is calculated. One particular antigen which had previously been shown to be absent in one-third of established isolates collected from several countries appeared ubiquitous in our sample from Papua New Guinea. A method is presented that can be used to test for associations between antigens; the analysis also reveals whether other variables affect these associations. Several associations between antigens were revealed. In one instance, the association between two particular parasite antigens was affected by the donor's age. The importance of characterizing the antigenic structure of P. falciparum populations, and its relevance to the introduction of an antimalarial vaccine are discussed.

Aging↗
PubMed1983

Trends in tobacco consumption and incidences of associated neoplasms in Papua New Guinea.

From 1960 to 1979 total annual consumption of tobacco in Papua New Guinea increased from 573 to 1800 metric tonnes. The annual consumption of tobacco per head increased from 2.78 to 6.14 kg, and the proportion of commercial cigarettes smoked is estimated to have increased from 20% to 71% of the total tobacco consumption. Between 1965 and 1979 the average annual age standardised incidence of reported cases of carcinoma of the oral cavity increased significantly in women (p less than 0.01) but not in men (p greater than 0.05). This rise might have been related to increasing consumption of tobacco or alcohol, or both, in individuals who habitually chewed betel nut. There was no significant change in the reported incidences of carcinoma of the larynx, lung, oesophagus, pancreas, kidney, or bladder. At present there are no constraints on the marketing of tobacco in Papua New Guinea.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of acute malaria in children in Papua New Guinea. I. Plasmodium falciparum.

Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria is increasing in prevelance in Papua New Guinea and alternative therapies for acute malaria are being sought. A trial of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of acute falciparum malaria in children has been carried out in Madang, Papau New Guinea. Eighty-five children were treated with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, either alone or in combination with a single 10 mg/kg dose of chloroquine. Of 78 children completing 28-days follow-up, treatment failures occurred in 15 (19.2%) and of these, 8 (10.3%), are believed to be sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistant; the others remain equivocal. There was no advantage in this study in combining a single dose of chloroquine with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine; indeed, this combination was associated with an increased incidence of vomiting. It is argued that sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine should not become the standard presumptive treatment for acute malaria in Papua New Guinea.

Child↗
PubMed1982

Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of acute malaria in children of Papua New Guinea. II. Plasmodium vivax.

In Papua New Guinea, Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax are common causes of acute malaria in children and P. malariae an uncommon cause. The increasing prevelance of chloroquine-resistant strains of P. falciparum in Papua New Guinea has prompted the search for alternatives to chloroquine as standard presumptive treatment. Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, either alone or in combination with a single dose of chloroquine, was compared with chloroquine alone for treatment of acute vivax malaria in children in Madang. Fever resolution was slowest in the group treated with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine alone, and time to clearance of parasitemia was significantly longer in this group (P less than 0.001). Where possible, species identification should be undertaken in acute malaria and cases of P. vivax treated with chloroquine.

Child↗
PubMed1982

The implications of managing confused and disabled people in non-specialist residential homes for the elderly.

Local Authority residential homes for the elderly are caring for substantial proportions of physically disabled and mentally confused residents in non-specialist settings. The results of an intensive study of six homes caring for varying proportions of disabled and confused residents are summarized. The homes are compared in terms of staff training and attitudes, physical care of residents, social environment, and attitudes of residents. The authors suggest that a "mix" of residents can have advantages over segregation and that most homes can manage around 30% confused residents. If this is to be successful, attention should be given to staffing levels, staff training and the role of health service staff in residential homes.

Aged↗