Paul and Carol--3. Gene transfer.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
D J Powell
Publications and source records attributed to D J Powell.
Translational capacity of sheep oocytes microinjected with messenger RNA.
Sheep oocytes were microinjected with tobacco mosaic virus RNA (TMV-RNA) and isotopically labelled with L-[35S]methionine. Total incorporation of labelled methionine was similar in TMV-RNA-injected and in carrier-injected control oocytes, whether injections were performed during the period of high protein synthesis at maturation or during the period of reduced synthesis at a time equivalent to the mid-cleavage transition (48 h after germinal vesicle breakdown). Varying the amount of TMV-RNA injected from 2.5 to 10 pg had little effect on the overall level of amino acid incorporation. Furthermore TMV-RNA appeared to be very stable in oocytes and eggs; the proportion of total polypeptide synthesis directed by TMV-RNA did not diminish during the first 48 h after injection. Synthesis of most endogenous proteins was uniformly reduced to compensate for the synthesis of TMV-polypeptides. Our results suggest, therefore, that the translational capacity of sheep oocytes is fully saturated during maturation.
Animals↗
Delayed auditory feedback with delayed sounds varying in duration.
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Adolescent↗
Effect of surgical experience on the results of resection for oesophageal carcinoma.
From 1957 to 1976 oesophageal resection for carcinoma was performed in 1119 patients reported to the West Midlands Cancer Registry. The operations were performed on 581 patients by 127 surgeons who averaged three or less resections per annum (the 'occasional' group). These were compared with 538 patients (the 'frequent' group) whose resections were performed by four surgeons who averaged six or more resections per annum. Operative mortality was 39.4 per cent in the 'occasional' group and 21.6 per cent in the 'frequent' group (P less than 0.001). The age adjusted 5-year survival was 11.1 and 15.2 per cent respectively (P less than 0.05) but when the operative deaths were excluded there was no significant difference. We suggest that oesophageal resection for carcinoma should be performed only where there is an acceptably low operative mortality rate.
Clinical Competence↗
Transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of specific messenger RNAs in adult and embryonic liver.
The rate of synthesis and the concentrations of a variety of messenger RNA sequences have been compared between adult mouse liver cells and cells in other adult tissues, and between cells in fetal and neonatal liver. The sequences were distinguished as "liver-specific" or "common" in a previous report, where liver was compared with brain cells and cultured cells. Most of the liver-specific mRNAs are greatly decreased or absent in a large group of other adult mouse tissues. In two cases, kidney shares mRNA sequences with liver. The levels of the common mRNAs varied from two to fivefold in various tissues. For the liver-specific mRNAs, the transcription rates in nuclei from adult tissues and from fetal liver showed a good correspondence to the presence and the level of mRNA. However, most of the common RNA sequences were transcribed at similar rates in all nuclei despite their different cytoplasmic concentrations. In addition, two liver-specific RNAs were transcribed in fetal liver nuclei but were not present as mRNA. Thus, the presence of tissue-specific mRNAs in adult cells is based first (and probably most importantly) on transcriptional control, but several instances were observed where post-transcriptional control also contributes to the level of mRNA.
Aging↗
Enhanced bronchoconstriction responses to prostaglandin F2 alpha following inhalation of sulfur dioxide.
The effect of chronic sulfur dioxide (SO2) inhalation was investigated in pharmacologic-induced bronchoconstriction in beagle dogs. Increases in pulmonary resistance (RL) and decreases in dynamic lung compliance (CDYN) were observed with i.v. and aerosol administration of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha). After control historical data were accumulated, the animals received exposures of 500 ppm of SO2 for two hours twice a week. After six months of chronic SO2 exposure, a significant enhancement in the RL response to i.v. and aerosolized PGF2 alpha was observed as compared to pre-SO2 data. Tracheobronchial inflammation, as observed by fiberoptic bronchoscopy, occurred as a result of the chronic inhalation of SO2; however, only a small increase in mucous production was observed visually. In addition, hypercapnic and acidotic changes in blood gas profiles were found. Therefore, beagle dogs chronically exposed to SO2, developed hyperactive airways as seen by increased sensitivity to PGF2 alpha. This model appears to reflect many of those changes observed in clinical bronchial hyperreactivity and may provide an additional insight into obstructive airways disease.
Animals↗
Rod and cone activity in patients with dominantly inherited retinitis pigmentosa: comparisons between psychophysical and electroretinographic measurements.
Extended electroretinographic (ERG) testing has been carried out in a series of patients with retinitis pigmentosa, dominantly inherited. In 36 of 57 cases only cone b waves were evoked. In 20 of these, psychophysical tests showed only cones mediated vision (Massof class I), while in 16 statis scotopic perimetry demonstrated residual rod function (class II). In the remaining cases, where rod ERGs were seen, the light intensities required to evoke responses were not greatly elevated. A computer model was constructed to relate psychophysical threshold measurements to ERG data. This analysis of the results suggests that in one subgroup of patients the scotopic ERG is smaller than expected from the losses of visual field and that in another the psychophysical elevation of rod visual threshold is greater than expected from ERG measurements.
Adolescent↗
A modified ERG technique and the results obtained in X-linked retinitis pigmentosa.
An electroretinographic (ERG) technique is described in which the relationship between scotopic b wave amplitude and stimulus light intensity is determined. The relative amplitude of scotopic to photopic responses is assessed by means of red light and flicker. The method is applied to the detection of ERG abnormalities in heterozygotes for X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. These have been found in only a proportion of cases. The ERG results can be used to suggest the nature of the retinal abnormality.
Adolescent↗
An automated statis perimeter/adaptometer using light emitting diodes.
An automated static perimeter/adaptometer is described which measures thresholds with lights of 2 wavelengths. The instrument uses light-emitting diodes to produce the stimuli and is controlled by a small computer, making it very suitable for clinical testing of large numbers of patients. The use of 2 LEDs with different peak emission wavelengths (530 and 660 nm) permits an assessment of the relative state of rod and cone mechanisms in a particular region of the retina either during dark adaptation or when the eye is fully dark adapted.
Dark Adaptation↗
Purification of the mRNAs encoding the subunits of larval serum proteins 1 and 2 of Drosophila melanogaster.
The messenger RNAs for the four subunits of larval serum proteins (LSPs) 1 and 2 were purified from third instar fat body total RNA by fractionating oligo(dT)-selected RNAs on the basis of size. Translations of RNA fractions in vitro showed that the LSP mRNAs were free of other fat body messenger activities, but they could not be completely resolved from each other. The molecular weights of the LSP mRNAs, estimated from their electrophoretic mobilities in 50% formamide/1.4% agarose gels, ranged from 1.0 X 10(6) to 1.35 X 10(6). These estimates are at least 20% larger than the size of RNA necessary to encode each LSP polypeptide.
Adipose Tissue↗
Diagnostic errors in cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The essential role of surgery.
Two hundred eighty-two cases of 624 cases of carcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses were studied. All had a clinical evaluation of the extent of carcinoma, followed by surgical procedures. By a process of defining 13 possible compartments or extensions and enumerating them before and after surgery, it was possible to show that approximately one third of the cases had errors in preoperative assessment. Underestimates preponderated. It is suggested that diagnosis is one important role of surgery, in addition to the directly therapeutic effect of excision. Surgery is also essential as a guide to further excision and to the accurate application of radiotherapy treatment fields.
Diagnostic Errors↗
Treatment of carcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
The results of the radical treatment of 528 cases of carcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are presented. These cases were analysed according to treatment modes of surgery of radiotherapy alone and surgery, radical or subradical, with radical radiotherapy. Of necessity the survey is retrospective but the results can be interpreted as demonstrating that while surgery without radiotherapy is appropriate to certain tumours near the nasal vestibule, to transitional cell carcinoma in men, and to some salivary carcinomas, for the remainder surgery, either radical or subradical with radiotherapy, is appropriate. No significant difference can be shown between radical and subradical surgery, when combined with radiotherapy. Radiotherapy alone appears inappropriate.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Contrast sensitivity gratings in glaucoma family screening.
Contrast sensitivity was measured in the eyes of 200 consecutive patients attending the glaucoma family screening unit. One-third of the patients screened had an abnormal contrast sensitivity. Positive correlation (p less than 0.01) existed between this abnormal contrast sensitivity and cup : disc ratio, visual field loss, and age. No such correlation existed between contrast sensitivity and intraocular pressure.
Age Factors↗
Pilocarpine and narrow-angle glaucoma.
Fifty normal eyes underwent a provocative test with pilocarpine 4 per cent. Slit-image photography before and 30 minutes after the instillation of pilocarpine 4 per cent into one eye demonstrated the range of response of the anterior segment to pilocarpine. Those eyes whose axial anterior chamber depth shallowed by greater than or equal to 0.1 mm demonstrated shallowing of the periphery of the anterior chamber, while those eyes whose axial anterior chamber depth shallowed by less than 0.1 mm showed deepening of the peripheral anterior chamber. The relevance of these findings to the development of peripheral anterior synechiae is discussed.
Adult↗
[Natural history of "early" gastric cancer: results of a 10-year regional survey (author's transl)].
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Gastrectomy↗
Natural history of "early" gastric cancer: results of a 10-year regional survey.
In "early" gastric cancer the depth of invasion by the primary tumour is confined to the submucosa of the stomach. Out of 13228 cases of gastric cancer notified to the Birmingham Cancer Registry during 1960-9, 90 (0 . 7%) were identifed as early gastric cancer. The crude five-year survival rate of these 90 patients was 57 . 8% (age-adjusted rate 70 . 4%) compared with 3 . 7% (age-adjusted rate 4 . 7%) for all cases and 14 . 6% (age-adjusted rate 17 . 4%) for the cases treated radically. Prognostic factors established for gastric cancer pertained equally to early gastric cancer. Most of the 90 patients had had symptoms related to the gastrointestinal tract, but in contrast to patients with advanced gastric cancer only 19% had lost weight on admission. These findings suggest that early investigation of dyspeptic symptoms would increase the detection of early gastric cancer, the most important prognostic group identified in gastric cancer.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Regional node involvement and distant metastases in carcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
Of 624 cases of carcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses the presence or absence of metastasis to the regional nodes or to distant sites was recorded. Regional nodes were involved in 14.3 per cent, varying according to site and histological type. Disseminated metastases were found in 1.6 per cent. The prognosis for those with involved nodes was severely reduced, and for those with distant metastases it was negligible. This bleak outlook should be considered when treatment is being planned.
Female↗
Malignant tumours of the nasopharynx: 220 cases 1957--1966.
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Adolescent↗