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D J Hunter

Publications and source records attributed to D J Hunter.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Validation of the Gail et al. model of breast cancer risk prediction and implications for chemoprevention.

BACKGROUND: Women and their clinicians are increasingly encouraged to use risk estimates derived from statistical models, primarily that of Gail et al., to aid decision making regarding potential prevention options for breast cancer, including chemoprevention with tamoxifen. METHODS: We evaluated both the goodness of fit of the Gail et al. model 2 that predicts the risk of developing invasive breast cancer specifically and its discriminatory accuracy at the individual level in the Nurses' Health Study. We began with a cohort of 82 109 white women aged 45-71 years in 1992 and applied the model of Gail et al. to these women over a 5-year follow-up period to estimate a 5-year risk of invasive breast cancer. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: The model fit well in the total sample (ratio of expected [E] to observed [O] numbers of cases = 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.89 to 0.99). Underprediction was slightly greater for younger women (<60 years), but in most age and risk factor strata, E/O ratios were close to 1.0. The model fit equally well (E/O ratio = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.87 to 0.99) in a subset of women reporting recent screening (i.e., within 1 year before the baseline); among women with an estimated 5-year risk of developing invasive breast cancer of 1.67% or greater, the E/O ratio was 1.04 (95% CI = 0.96 to 1.12). The concordance statistic, which indicates discriminatory accuracy, for the Gail et al. model 2 when used to estimate 5-year risk was 0.58 (95% CI = 0.56 to 0.60). Only 3.3% of the 1354 cases of breast cancer observed in the cohort arose among women who fell into age-risk strata expected to have statistically significant net health benefits from prophylactic tamoxifen use. CONCLUSIONS: The Gail et al. model 2 fit well in this sample in terms of predicting numbers of breast cancer cases in specific risk factor strata but had modest discriminatory accuracy at the individual level. This finding has implications for use of the model in clinical counseling of individual women.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Genetic variation in alcohol dehydrogenase and the beneficial effect of moderate alcohol consumption on myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: A polymorphism in the gene for alcohol dehydrogenase type 3 (ADH3) alters the rate of alcohol metabolism. We investigated the relation among the ADH3 polymorphism, the level of alcohol consumption, and the risk of myocardial infarction in a nested case-control study based on data from the prospective Physicians' Health Study. METHODS: We identified 396 patients with eligible newly diagnosed cases of myocardial infarction among men in the Physicians' Health Study. Of these patients, 374 were matched with 2 randomly selected control subjects each and the remaining 22 with 1 control each (total, 770 controls). The ADH3 genotype (gamma1gamma1, gamma1gamma2, or gamma2gamma2) was determined in all subjects. We examined the relations among the level of alcohol intake, the ADH3 genotype, and plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in this study population and in a similar cohort of women. RESULTS: As compared with homozygosity for the allele associated with a fast rate of ethanol oxidation (gamma1), homozygosity for the allele associated with a slow rate of ethanol oxidation (gamma2) was associated with a reduced risk of myocardial infarction (relative risk, 0.65; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.43 to 0.99). Moderate alcohol consumption was associated with a decreased risk of myocardial infarction in all three genotype groups (gamma1gamma1, gamma1gamma2, and gamma2gamma2); however, the ADH3 genotype significantly modified this association (P=0.01 for the interaction). Among men who were homozygous for the gamma1 allele, those who consumed at least one drink per day had a relative risk of myocardial infarction of 0.62 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.34 to 1.13), as compared with the risk among men who consumed less than one drink per week. Men who consumed at least one drink per day and were homozygous for the gamma2 allele had the greatest reduction in risk (relative risk, 0.14; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.04 to 0.45). Such men also had the highest plasma HDL levels (P for interaction = 0.05). We confirmed the interaction among the ADH3 genotype, the level of alcohol consumption, and the HDL level in an independent study of postmenopausal women (P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Moderate drinkers who are homozygous for the slow-oxidizing ADH3 allele have higher HDL levels and a substantially decreased risk of myocardial infarction.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Plasma organochlorine levels and the risk of breast cancer: an extended follow-up in the Nurses' Health Study.

The environmental organochlorines 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)1,1,1,trichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been implicated as potential causes of female breast cancer. We continued follow-up of our 1997 case-control study nested in the Nurses' Health Study cohort, adding 143 postmenopausal cases and controls to the original 238 pairs, and examining specific PCB congeners for the first time. We measured plasma levels of 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE), the major metabolite of DDT, and PCBs prospectively, comparing women who were diagnosed with breast cancer between 1 month and 4 years after blood collection with control women in whom breast cancer did not develop. Median concentrations of lipid-adjusted DDE, total PCBs, and PCB numbers 118, 138, 153 and 180, assessed individually, were similar among the cases and controls. The multivariate relative risk of breast cancer for women in the highest quintile of exposure as compared with women in the lowest quintile was 0.82 for DDE (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.49-1.37) and 0.84 for total PCBs (95% CI: 0.47-1.52), 0.69 for PCB 118 (95% CI: 0.39-1.22), 0.87 for PCB 138 (95% CI: 0.50-1.50), 0.83 for PCB 153 (95% CI: 0.47-1.48), and 0.98 for PCB 180 (95% CI: 0.55-1.75). Sub-group analyses were also performed. Overall, our results do not support the hypothesis that exposure to DDT and PCBs increases the risk of breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Influence of a methionine synthase (D919G) polymorphism on plasma homocysteine and folate levels and relation to risk of myocardial infarction.

Methionine synthase (MS) encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine using a methyl group donated by 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, which is the major circulating form of folate in the body. Functional genetic variants of the MS may alter total homocysteine (tHcy) as well as folate levels which are independent risk factors for vascular disease. The influence of a common genetic polymorphism (2756A-->G, D919G) of the MS gene on plasma tHcy and folate levels and its relation to the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in a prospective study of male physicians in the US was investigated. A nested case-control study was conducted within the Physicians' Health Study which was originally designed as a double-blind trial of aspirin and beta-carotene among 22071 US male physicians, aged 40-84 years in 1982. Sixty-eight percent of participants also donated a blood sample. The study included 387 incident MI case and 767 controls matched on age, smoking status, and time from randomization in 6-month intervals. Individuals with GG genotype had a non-significant reduction of MI risk (RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.17-1.16) compared to individuals with DD genotype after adjusting for MI risk factors. The MS polymorphism was associated with decreased tHcy (10.55, 9.87 and 9.57 nmol/ml for DD, DG and GG genotypes, respectively) and increased folate levels (3.95, 3.78, 7.31 ng/ml for DD, DG and GG genotypes, respectively) only among controls but not cases. It was concluded that influence of the MS (D919G) polymorphism on the plasma tHcy and folate levels is at most moderate, but should be further investigated in other large prospective studies.

5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine S-Methyltran↗
PubMed2001

Intake of fruits and vegetables and risk of breast cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies.

CONTEXT: Some epidemiologic studies suggest that elevated fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. However, most have been case-control studies in which recall and selection bias may influence the results. Additionally, publication bias may have influenced the literature on associations for specific fruit and vegetable subgroups. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between breast cancer and total and specific fruit and vegetable group intakes using standardized exposure definitions. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SELECTION: Eight prospective studies that had at least 200 incident breast cancer cases, assessed usual dietary intake, and completed a validation study of the diet assessment method or a closely related instrument were included in these analyses. DATA EXTRACTION: Using the primary data from each of the studies, we calculated study-specific relative risks (RRs) that were combined using a random-effects model. DATA SYNTHESIS: The studies included 7377 incident invasive breast cancer cases occurring among 351 825 women whose diet was analyzed at baseline. For comparisons of the highest vs lowest quartiles of intake, weak, nonsignificant associations were observed for total fruits (pooled multivariate RR, 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86-1.00; P for trend =.08), total vegetables (RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.89-1.04; P for trend =.54), and total fruits and vegetables (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.86-1.00; P for trend =.12). No additional benefit was apparent in comparisons of the highest and lowest deciles of intake. No associations were observed for green leafy vegetables, 8 botanical groups, and 17 specific fruits and vegetables. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that fruit and vegetable consumption during adulthood is not significantly associated with reduced breast cancer risk.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Being breastfed in infancy and breast cancer incidence in adult life: results from the two nurses' health studies.

Events during perinatal and early life may influence the incidence of breast cancer in adult life, and some case-control studies suggest that having been breastfed may reduce breast cancer risk. The authors studied this association among premenopausal and postmenopausal women by using data from the two Nurses' Health Studies, the Nurses' Health Study (using data from 1992 to 1996) and the Nurses' Health Study II (using data from 1991 to 1997). A history of being breastfed was self-reported by the study participants. During a total of 695,655 person-years, 1,073 cases of invasive breast cancer were diagnosed. The authors did not observe any important overall association between having been breastfed and the development of breast cancer later in life among premenopausal women (covariate-adjusted relative risk = 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.78, 1.20) or postmenopausal women (covariate-adjusted relative risk = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.92, 1.37). No significant trend was observed with increasing duration of breastfeeding. The authors also used data on breastfeeding retrospectively collected from 2,103 mothers of participants of the two Nurses' Health Studies. With the mothers' reports, the covariate-adjusted odds ratio of breast cancer was 1.11 (95% CI: 0.88, 1.39) for women who were breastfed compared with those who were not. Data from these two large cohorts do not support the hypothesis that being breastfed confers protection against subsequent breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Genetic variation in bone mineral density and calcaneal ultrasound: a study of the influence of menopause using female twins.

The aim of the study was to determine whether the genetic variance in bone mineral density (BMD) and calcaneal ultrasound differs in pre- and postmenopausal women and to establish whether the genes operating before the menopause are the same as those after the menopause. Twins aged 18-75 years were recruited from the St Thomas' UK Adult Twin Registry. Quantitative model fitting techniques were used to test for differences in genetic influences in pre- and postmenopausal twins of several BMD sites and calcaneal ultrasound measures accounting for age. BMD and heel ultrasound variables were measured in 2490 female twins: 360 monozygotic pairs and 885 dizygotic pairs. The heritability in the group overall ranged from 19% to 76%. A significant increase in total variance was seen for most BMD sites after the menopause. The proportion of total variance explained by genetic influence was higher premenopausally at all sites except the femoral neck. For example, the genetic proportion of total variance for spine BMD was 88% premenopausally and 77% postmenopausally. In contrast there was no significant difference in total variance of ultrasound measures with menopause. There was no indication that traits are influenced by different genes before and after menopause. This study demonstrates that genetic and environmental influences differ significantly in pre- and postmenopausal groups for BMD, but not for calcaneal ultrasound. The total variance in BMD is greater postmenopausally, but there is evidence that the same genes are involved. These data stress the importance of accounting for menopause-gene interactions in the genetic analysis of data on osteoporosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Determinants of low birth weight among HIV-infected pregnant women in Tanzania.

BACKGROUND: Low birth weight (LBW) increases the risk of infant death, but little is known about its causes among HIV-infected populations in sub-Saharan Africa. OBJECTIVE: We assessed sociodemographic, nutritional, immunologic, parasitic, and infant risk factors for birth weight, LBW, and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) status in a cohort of 822 HIV-positive women enrolled in a clinical trial of vitamin supplementation and pregnancy outcomes in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. DESIGN: Women were enrolled at prenatal care clinics during their second trimester, at which time blood, stool, urine, and genital specimens were collected, and anthropometric measurements and sociodemographic data were recorded. Birth weight was measured at hospital delivery. RESULTS: The mean (+/-SD) birth weight was 3015 +/- 508 g, 11.1% of newborns weighed <2500 g (LBW), and 11.5% were SGA. In multivariate analyses, maternal weight at enrollment and a low CD8 cell count were inversely associated with LBW. Advanced-stage HIV disease, previous history of preterm birth, Plasmodium falciparum malaria, and any helmintic infection were associated with higher risk of LBW. The intestinal parasites Entamoeba histolytica and Strongyloides stercoralis were predictors of LBW despite their low prevalence in the cohort. In a multivariate-adjusted linear regression model, BMI, midupper arm circumference, a CD4 cell count <200 x 10(6) cells/L (200 cells/mm(3)), primiparity, maternal literacy, and infant HIV infection at birth were significantly associated with birth weight in addition to risk factors included in the LBW model. Determinants of SGA included maternal weight, low serum vitamin E concentration, candidiasis, malaria, and infant HIV infection at birth. CONCLUSION: Prevention of HIV disease progression and vertical transmission, improved nutritional status, and better management of malaria and intestinal parasitic infections are likely to reduce the incidence of LBW in Tanzania.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Rationing healthcare: the appeal of muddling through elegantly.

There is no denying the existence of rationing in healthcare. It is an example par excellence of a "wicked issue." Faced with the reality of rationing, the issues are: who should ration, and how rule-bound and explicit should it be? Clinicians are ambivalent on these matters. Many would prefer governments and politicians to make these decisions openly in publicly funded healthcare systems, since they decide how much to spend on healthcare. Others believe it to be the responsibility of clinicians to decide how finite resources should best be used in individual cases.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2001

Physical activity and mortality: a prospective study among women.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the association between recreational physical activity and mortality in middle-aged and older women and the possibility that physical activity serves as an important marker of health. METHODS: Analyses were conducted among participants in the Nurses' Health Study. Levels of physical activity were assessed by questionnaire in 1980 and updated every 2 to 4 years. RESULTS: Levels of physical activity were inversely associated with mortality risk; however, each activity level above the reference level had approximately the same level of risk reduction (20%-30%). The inverse association was stronger for cardiovascular deaths than for cancer deaths and was strongest for respiratory deaths. Women who died of noncardiovascular, noncancer causes were more likely to have reported that poor health limited their physical activity than were women who died of other causes or who remained alive. CONCLUSIONS: Part of the link between physical activity and mortality risk is probably spurious and difficult to remove analytically; however, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, much of the health benefit of activity is real.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Association of genetic polymorphisms in UGT1A1 with breast cancer and plasma hormone levels.

UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze the detoxification and the elimination of a large number of endogenous and exogenous compounds in the liver and extrahepatic tissues. One of the UGT1A family members, UGT1A1, is involved in estradiol metabolism and, therefore, represents a candidate gene in breast carcinogenesis. A common insertion/deletion polymorphism in the TATA-box of the promoter region of UGT1A1 results in decreased initiation of transcription. In a previous study, we found a positive association between the UGT1A1 low-transcriptional alleles and premenopausal breast cancer risk in an African-American population. In the present study, we sought to determine whether the low-transcription UGT1A1 promoter allele, UGT1A1*28 [A(TA)(7)TAA], was associated with increased breast cancer risk among primarily Caucasian women in a nested case-control study within the Nurses' Health Study cohort. No significant association between the UGT1A1*28 [A(TA)(7)TAA] allele and breast cancer was observed. Compared with women homozygous for the UGT1A1*1 [A(TA)(6)TAA] allele, the relative risk was 0.80 (confidence interval, 0.49-1.29) for women homozygous for the UGT1A1*28 allele. The effect of the UGT1A1 genotype on plasma hormone levels in postmenopausal women not using hormone replacement was also evaluated, and overall, no significant differences in hormone levels by genotypes were observed. When restricted to women who had at least one UGT1A1*28 allele and a body mass index at blood draw of >27 kg/m(2), particularly in combination with the cytochrome p450c17alpha genotype, estrone and estradiol levels tended to vary by UGT1A1 genotypes. The results presented do not support a strong association between the UGT1A1 promoter polymorphism and the risk of breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The relationship between a polymorphism in CYP17 with plasma hormone levels and prostate cancer.

The A2 allele of the CYP17 gene has been thought to be associated with increased functional activity of this steroidogenic enzyme. Consequently, the A2 allele has been examined as a biomarker of individual susceptibility to hormone-related diseases among men and women. We prospectively assessed the association between the A2 allele of CYP17 and prostate cancer risk among 590 cases and 782 controls in a case-control study nested within the Physicians' Health Study cohort. We also evaluated associations between CYP17 genotype and plasma steroid hormones among controls and the potential interaction between CYP17 and SRD5A2 V89L polymorphisms in relationship with prostate cancer risk and circulating steroid hormone levels. We observed a borderline significant association between the A2 allele and prostate cancer risk (odds ratio, 1.23; 95% confidence interval, 0.99-1.54), however, we did not observe evidence of a gene-dosage effect (versus A1/A1 genotype: A1/A2 genotype; odds ratio, 1.26; 95% confidence interval, 0.99-1.59; A2/A2 genotype: odds ratio, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 0.85-1.61). The A2 allele was not overrepresented among cases with advanced prostate cancer. Among controls, carriers of the A2 allele had steroid hormone levels similar to noncarriers. We also found no evidence of a gene-gene interaction between CYP17 and SRD5A2 V89L polymorphisms on prostate cancer risk or endogenous steroid hormone levels. These results suggest that CYP17 genotype may possibly confer a small increased susceptibility to prostate cancer but is not a strong predictor of endogenous steroid hormone levels in men.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Dietary fat intake and endogenous sex steroid hormone levels in postmenopausal women.

PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between plasma levels of reproductive sex steroid hormones in postmenopausal women and their reported fat intake. METHODS: We measured plasma sex steroid hormones levels in plasma collected in 1989 and 1990 from 381 healthy postmenopausal women. For each woman, we measured fat intake in 1986 and 1990 by a food-frequency questionnaire. The cross-sectional associations between the percentage of energy from total and specific types of dietary fat intake and plasma hormone levels were assessed by linear regression, controlling for energy intake, obesity, and protein intake. RESULTS: The plasma estradiol level was 4.3% lower (95% confidence limits, -8.3%, -0.2%) for a substitution of 5% of energy from fat intake for an equivalent amount of energy from carbohydrate when adjusted for obesity and other covariates. Estradiol was also inversely associated with all other fat types except trans fat; the inverse associations with vegetable fat and marine omega-3 fats were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: We observed an inverse association between total fat intake averaged over 4 to 5 years and estradiol levels. This result is inconsistent with the hypothesis that fat intake predisposes to breast cancer risk by raising endogenous estrogen levels.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies on height, weight, and breast cancer risk.

The association between anthropometric indices and the risk of breast cancer was analyzed using pooled data from seven prospective cohort studies. Together, these cohorts comprise 337,819 women and 4,385 incident invasive breast cancer cases. In multivariate analyses controlling for reproductive, dietary, and other risk factors, the pooled relative risk (RR) of breast cancer per height increment of 5 cm was 1.02 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.96, 1.10) in premenopausal women and 1.07 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.12) in postmenopausal women. Body mass index (BMI) showed significant inverse and positive associations with breast cancer among pre- and postmenopausal women, respectively; these associations were nonlinear. Compared with premenopausal women with a BMI of less than 21 kg/m2, women with a BMI exceeding 31 kg/m2 had an RR of 0.54 (95% CI: 0.34, 0.85). In postmenopausal women, the RRs did not increase further when BMI exceeded 28 kg/m2; the RR for these women was 1.26 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.46). The authors found little evidence for interaction with other breast cancer risk factors. Their data indicate that height is an independent risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer; in premenopausal women, this relation is less clear. The association between BMI and breast cancer varies by menopausal status. Weight control may reduce the risk among postmenopausal women.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Bone loss. Epidemiology of bone loss.

Bone loss occurs when the cellular events of bone formation are quantitatively larger than bone formation. This manuscript discusses the measurement of bone loss, occurrence in the population, risk factors and consequences of bone loss. Recent developments in bone mass measurement and biomarkers have improved our ability to assess bone loss. This process is a normal concomitant of ageing. There are a number of other risk factors, including sex hormone deficiency, physical inactivity, calcium/vitamin D deficiency, inflammatory arthritis, corticosteroids, smoking and alcohol. The major consequence of bone loss in our ageing society is fracture.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

A tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism in CYP19 and breast cancer risk.

The CYP19 gene codes for aromatase, a key steroidogenic enzyme involved in the conversion of androgens to estrogens. A tetranucleotide (TTTA) repeat polymorphism is present in intron 4 of CYP19; 2 out of 4 breast cancer case-control studies have reported a greater frequency of 2 specific alleles among affected women. We evaluated associations between CYP19 repeat alleles and breast cancer risk in a case-control study nested within the Nurses' Health Study cohort (incident cases: n=462; controls: n=618). We observed seven different CYP19 alleles (TTTA(7-13)). Compared to controls, cases had a statistically significant greater frequency of the 10 (TTTA)(10) repeat allele (10 allele: 2.3% vs. 0.7%, p = 0.005) and a nonsignificant increase in the frequency of the 12 (TTTA)(12) allele (12 allele: 3.1% vs. 2.1%, p = 0.11). A higher frequency of the 10 allele was observed in more advanced cancer cases defined as four or more involved nodes or distant metastasis [4+ nodes: 5/36 (13.9%) vs. 0-3 nodes: 13/330 (3.9%), p = 0.02]. Among controls, we found women with the 7 repeat allele to have decreased levels of estrone sulfate (-16.4%, p = 0.02), estrone (-6.1%, p = 0.22) and estradiol (-9.9%, p = 0.10), and a lower estrone/androstenedione ratio (E1/A) (-10.5%, p = 0.08) compared to non-carriers. A higher E1/A ratio and elevated estrogen levels were observed among carriers of the 8 repeat allele; E1/A ratio (+21.0%, p = 0.003), estrone (+7.5%, p = 0.16) and estradiol (+10.8%, p = 0.08). However, we observed no evidence of an association between these alleles and breast cancer risk. We were unable to make inferences regarding the effect of the 10 allele on hormone levels due to the small number of allele carriers in the subgroup with hormone levels. As this repeat polymorphism is not close to the splice sites in intron 4, linkage disequilibrium with other functional polymorphisms in CYP19 may explain the findings of an increased association between breast cancer and the 10 allele variant of CYP19. We did not detect any sequence variants in the regulatory region or in the adipose-specific exon I.4. The lack of an established effect on CYP19 function associated with the 10 allele means that these findings should be interpreted with caution.

Alleles↗
PubMed2000

Electric blanket use and breast cancer in the Nurses' Health Study.

Electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) have been hypothesized to increase the risk of breast cancer, and electric blankets represent an important source of exposure to EMFs. The authors examined the relation between electric blanket use and invasive breast cancer in the Nurses' Health Study. On the biennial questionnaire in 1992, 87,497 women provided information on this exposure during three consecutive time periods. In a prospective analysis with 301,775 person-years of follow-up through 1996 (954 cases), the relative risk for any electric blanket use was not elevated (relative risk (RR) = 1.08, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.95, 1.24) after controlling for breast cancer risk factors. There was a weak association between breast cancer and electric blanket use at least 16 years before diagnosis and long-term use in age-adjusted analyses but not in multivariate models. In a retrospective analysis of 1,318,683 person-years of follow-up (2,426 cases), the multivariate relative risk associated with use before disease follow-up began was null (RR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.95, 1.16). Similar results were obtained in analyses stratified by menopause and restricted to estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers. While 95% confidence intervals for these estimates did not exclude small risks, overall, results did not support an association between breast cancer risk and exposure to EMFs from electric blankets.

Adult↗