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Biomedical subjects

D J Heard

Publications and source records attributed to D J Heard.

29 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Principles and techniques of anesthesia and analgesia for exotic practice.

Principles and techniques of anesthesia and analgesia for small animal exotic practice are described. The use of regimens based around inhalation anesthesia are recommended over injectable anesthetics. Techniques of perianesthetic monitoring and support are described and emphasized. The article concludes with a discussion of anesthesia for specific exotic animals likely to be encountered in small animal practice.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1990

Thyroid and adrenal function tests in adult male ferrets.

Effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones, and effects of ACTH and dexamethasone on plasma concentrations of cortisol, were studied in adult male ferrets. Thirteen ferrets were randomly assigned to test or control groups of eight and five animals, respectively. Combined (test + control groups) mean basal plasma thyroxine (T4) values were different between the TRH (1.81 +/- 0.41 micrograms/dl, mean +/- SD) and TSH (2.69 +/- 0.87 micrograms/dl) experiments, which were performed 2 months apart. Plasma T4 values significantly (P less than 0.05) increased as early as 2 hours (3.37 +/- 1.10 micrograms/dl) and remained high until 6 hours (3.45 +/- 0.86 micrograms/dl) after IV injection of 1 IU of TSH/ferret. In contrast, IV injection of 500 micrograms of TRH/ferret did not induce a significant increase until 6 hours (2.75 +/- 0.79) after injection, and induced side effects of hyperventilation, salivation, vomiting, and sedation. There was no significant increase in triiodothyronine (T3) values following TSH or TRH administration. Combined mean basal plasma cortisol values were not significantly different between ACTH stimulation (1.29 +/- 0.84 micrograms/dl) and dexamethasone suppression test (0.74 +/- 0.56 micrograms/dl) experiments. Intravenous injection of 0.5 IU of ACTH/ferret induced a significant increase in plasma cortisol concentrations by 30 minutes (5.26 +/- 1.21 micrograms/dl), which persisted until 60 minutes (5.17 +/- 1.99 micrograms/dl) after injection. Plasma cortisol values significantly decreased as early as 1 hour (0.41 +/- 0.13 micrograms/dl), and had further decreased by 5 hours (0.26 +/- 0.15 micrograms/dl) following IV injection of 0.2 mg of dexamethasone/ferret.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adrenal Cortex Function Tests↗
PubMed1988

Use of halothane to maintain anesthesia induced with etorphine in juvenile African elephants.

Sixteen 3- to 5-year-old African elephants were anesthetized one or more times for a total of 27 diagnostic and surgical procedures. Xylazine (0.1 +/- 0.04 mg/kg of body weight, mean +/- SD) and ketamine (0.6 +/- 0.13 mg/kg) administered IM induced good chemical restraint in standing juvenile elephants during a 45-minute transport period before administration of general anesthesia. After IM or IV administration of etorphine (1.9 +/- 0.56 micrograms/kg), the mean time to lateral recumbency was 20 +/- 6.6 and 3 +/- 0.0 minutes, respectively. The mean heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and respiration rate during all procedures was 50 +/- 12 beats/min, 106 +/- 19 mm of Hg, and 10 +/- 3 breaths/min, respectively. Cardiac arrhythmias were detected during 2 procedures. One elephant with hypotension responded to a decrease in the concentration of halothane and IV infusion of dobutamine HCl. Alterations in systolic blood pressure, ear flapping, and trunk muscle tone were useful for monitoring depth of anesthesia. Results indicated that halothane in oxygen was effective for maintenance of surgical anesthesia in juvenile African elephants after induction with etorphine.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1988

Bacteremia and septic arthritis in a West African dwarf crocodile.

An anorectic, adult West African dwarf crocodile was examined because of bilateral hind limb paresis. Clinical findings included multiple skin wounds, osteomyelitis of the distal portions of the right radius and ulna, severe anemia, and Serratia marcescens bacteremia. The crocodile died after a blood transfusion. At necropsy, hemorrhage in the subarachnoid space, suppurative polyarthritis, and gastric ulceration were found. Serratia marcescens and Morganella morganii were isolated from multiple tissues and body fluids. It was concluded that the bilateral paresis was caused by severe septic arthritis secondary to bacteremia, and that the crocodile died from spinal injury caused by the blood transfusion into the supravertebral vein.

Alligators and Crocodiles↗
PubMed1986

Effects of oxygen supplementation on blood gas values in chemically restrained juvenile African elephants.

Arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions were determined in sedated immature African elephants and in elephants immobilized with etorphine hydrochloride or with an etorphine-ketamine combination. For manipulative and surgical procedures, the Hudson demand valve was used for oxygen supplementation during 6 procedures, and insufflation was used during 2 procedures. The Hudson demand valve was more effective than insufflation in sustaining adequate arterial oxygenation.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effect of acepromazine on the anesthetic requirement of halothane in the dog.

Five adult dogs were used to determine whether acepromazine maleate (ACP), administered IM, decreases the maintenance requirement of halothane and to measure any decrease for the ACP dosages of 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, and 0.20 mg/kg. The value minimal alveolar concentration, a measure of anesthetic potency, was used as the measure of anesthetic requirement of halothane before and after ACP was administered. All dogs were randomly exposed to each dosage of ACP, as well as to control of 0.2 ml of sterile water. At all dosages of ACP, the decrease in the minimal alveolar concentration of halothane was significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) when compared with that of the control. The decreases at the 0.04 and 0.20 mg/kg dosages were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) greater than those at the 0.02 and 0.06 mg/kg dosages. Halothane requirements at all other ACP dosages (0.08 and 0.10 mg/kg) were not significantly different from each other or from those at any of the other dosages. The percentage of decrease in anesthetic requirement after ACP was administered varied from 34% to 46%, with a mean decrease of 40%. The largest decrease was recorded at the dosage of 0.04 mg/kg.

Acepromazine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Two-dimensional echocardiographic anatomy of the snake heart (Python molurus bivittatus).

Two-dimensional echocardiography was performed on Burmese pythons (Python molurus bivittatus) to determine an optimal echocardiographic imaging technique for snakes and to describe the echocardiographic anatomy of the snake heart. Five snakes immobilized with tiletamine/zolazepam and maintained on isoflurane in oxygen were imaged in dorsal recumbency. The portion of the snake's body containing the heart was submerged in warm water to reduce the artifact created by air trapped between and under the scales. Imaging in sagittal planes demonstrated the caudal vena cava, sinus venous valve, right atrium, various portions of the ventricle, horizontal septum, the left aortic arch, and pulmonary artery. Transverse imaging depicted the spatial relationship of the left and right aortic arches and pulmonary artery and the horizontal septum. Basic knowledge of cardiac blood flow in the reptile was necessary to understand the echocardiographic anatomy.

Animals↗