Biomedical subjects

D J Hartshorne

Publications and source records attributed to D J Hartshorne.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2001

Identification of human CPI-17, an inhibitory phosphoprotein for myosin phosphatase.

CPI-17 is a phosphorylation-dependent inhibitor of myosin phosphatase. cDNA clones encoding CPI-17 were isolated from a human aorta library. Overlapping clones indicated two isoforms: CPI-17alpha was 147 residues and mass of 16.7 kDa; CPI-17beta (120 residues, mass 13.5 kDa) resulted from a deletion in the alpha-isoform of 27 residues, sequence 68-94. N-terminal 67 residues of all CPI-17 isoforms (human, porcine, rat and mouse) were highly conserved (for the human and porcine isoforms the identity was 91%). The presence of the two human isoforms was detected from cDNA sequences amplified by RT-PCR and by Western blots on human aorta. The cloned human CPI-17 gene indicated 4 coding exons and CPI-17beta was an alternative splice variant due to deletion of the second exon. FISH analysis located the human CPI-17 gene on chromosome 19q13.1.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Myotonic dystrophy protein kinase phosphorylates the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit and inhibits myosin phosphatase activity.

Myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK) and Rho-kinase are related. An important function of Rho-kinase is to phosphorylate the myosin-binding subunit of myosin phosphatase (MYPT1) and inhibit phosphatase activity. Experiments were carried out to determine if DMPK could function similarly. MYPT1 was phosphorylated by DMPK. The phosphorylation site(s) was in the C-terminal part of the molecule. DMPK was not inhibited by the Rho-kinase inhibitors, Y-27632 and HA-1077. Several approaches were taken to determine that a major site of phosphorylation was T654. Phosphorylation at T654 inhibited phosphatase activity. Thus both DMPK and Rho-kinase may regulate myosin II phosphorylation.

1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine↗

PubMed2001

Identification of the endogenous smooth muscle myosin phosphatase-associated kinase.

Ca(2+) sensitization of smooth muscle contraction involves inhibition of myosin light chain phosphatase (SMPP-1M) and enhanced myosin light chain phosphorylation. Inhibition of SMPP-1M is modulated through phosphorylation of the myosin targeting subunit (MYPT1) by either Rho-associated kinase (ROK) or an unknown SMPP-1M-associated kinase. Activated ROK is predominantly membrane-associated and its putative substrate, SMPP-1M, is mainly myofibrillar-associated. This raises a conundrum about the mechanism of interaction between these enzymes. We present ZIP-like kinase, identified by "mixed-peptide" Edman sequencing after affinity purification, as the previously unidentified SMPP-1M-associated kinase. ZIP-like kinase was shown to associate with MYPT1 and phosphorylate the inhibitory site in intact smooth muscle. Phosphorylation of ZIP-like kinase was associated with an increase in kinase activity during carbachol stimulation, suggesting that the enzyme may be a terminal member of a Ca(2+) sensitizing kinase cascade.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Phosphorylation of molluscan twitchin by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase.

Catch in certain molluscan muscles is released by an increase in cAMP, and it was suggested that the target of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is the high molecular weight protein twitchin [Siegman, M. J., Funabara, J., Kinoshita, S., Watabe, S., Hartshorne, D. J., and Butler, T. M. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 5384-5388]. This study was carried out to investigate the phosphorylation of twitchin by PKA. Twitchin was isolated from Mytilus catch muscles and was phosphorylated by PKA to a stoichiometry of about 3 mol of P/mol of twitchin. There was no evidence of twitchin autophosphorylation. Two phosphorylated peptides were isolated and sequenced, termed D1 and D2. Additional cDNA sequence for twitchin was obtained, and the D2 site was located at the C-terminal side of the putative kinase domain in a linker region between two immunoglobulin C2 repeats. Excess PKA substrates, e.g., D1 and D2, blocked the reduction in force on addition of cAMP, confirming the role for PKA in regulating catch. Papain proteolysis of (32)P-labeled twitchin from permeabilized muscles showed that the D1 site represented about 50% of the (32)P labeling. Proteolysis of in-situ twitchin with thermolysin suggested that the D1 and D2 sites were at the N- and C-terminal ends of the molecule, respectively. Thermolysin proteolysis also indicated that D1 and D2 were major sites of phosphorylation by PKA. The direct phosphorylation of twitchin by PKA is consistent with a regulatory role for twitchin in the catch mechanism and probably involves phosphorylation at the D1 and D2 sites.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Molecular cloning and analysis of the 5'-flanking region of the human MYPT1 gene.

We have cloned and sequenced a 5 kb genomic fragment in the 5'-flanking region of the human myosin phosphatase target subunit 1. The transcription initiation site (+1) was 268 bp upstream from the translation start site. In this promoter there are no canonical TATA or CAAT box elements but there is a high GC-rich sequence. Basal promoter activity was due to the GC-rich region that contained one Sp1 transcription factor binding site, thus demonstrating that the MYPT1 gene is a housekeeping gene. Luciferase reporter assays showed the presence of two regions for positive elements and one for a negative element.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Arachidonic acid-induced Ca2+ sensitization of smooth muscle contraction through activation of Rho-kinase.

Arachidonic acid activates isolated Rho-kinase and contracts permeabilized smooth muscle fibres. Various assays were carried out to examine the mechanism of this activation. Native Rho-kinase was activated 5-6 times by arachidonic acid but an N-terminal, constitutively-active fragment of Rho-kinase, expressed as a glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion protein and including the catalytic subunit (GST-Rho-kinase-CAT), was not. GST-Rho-kinase-CAT was inhibited by a C-terminal fragment of Rho-kinase and arachidonic acid removed this inhibition. These results suggest that the C-terminal part of Rho-kinase, containing the RhoA binding site and the pleckstrin homology domain, acts as an autoinhibitor. It is suggested further that activation by arachidonic acid is due to its binding to the autoinhibitory region and subsequent release from the catalytic site. Arachidonic acid, at concentrations greater than 30 microM, increases force in alpha-toxin-permeabilized femoral artery but not in Triton X-100-skinned fibres. The content of Rho-kinase in the latter was lower than in alpha-toxin-treated or intact fibres. The arachidonic acid-induced contraction was not observed at a pCa above 8.0 and was inhibited by Y-27632 and wortmannin, inhibitors of Rho-kinase and myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK), respectively. The activation of Rho-kinase and subsequent phosphorylation of the myosin phosphatase target subunit inhibits myosin phosphatase and increases myosin phosphorylation.

Amides↗

PubMed2001

The myosin cross-bridge cycle and its control by twitchin phosphorylation in catch muscle.

The anterior byssus retractor muscle of Mytilus edulis was used to characterize the myosin cross-bridge during catch, a state of tonic force maintenance with a very low rate of energy utilization. Addition of MgATP to permeabilized muscles in high force rigor at pCa > 8 results in a rapid loss of some force followed by a very slow rate of relaxation that is characteristic of catch. The fast component is slowed 3-4-fold in the presence of 1 mM MgADP, but the distribution between the fast and slow (catch) components is not dependent on [MgADP]. Phosphorylation of twitchin results in loss of the catch component. Fewer than 4% of the myosin heads have ADP bound in rigor, and the time course (0.2-10 s) of ADP formation following release of ATP from caged ATP is similar whether or not twitchin is phosphorylated. This suggests that MgATP binding to the cross-bridge and subsequent splitting are independent of twitchin phosphorylation, but detachment occurs only if twitchin is phosphorylated. A similar dependence of detachment on twitchin phosphorylation is seen with AMP-PNP and ATPgammaS. Single turnover experiments on bound ADP suggest an increase in the rate of release of ADP from the cross-bridge when catch is released by phosphorylation of twitchin. Low [Ca(2+)] and unphosphorylated twitchin appear to cause catch by 1) markedly slowing ADP release from attached cross-bridges and 2) preventing detachment following ATP binding to the rigor cross-bridge.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗

PubMed2000

Phosphorylation of MYPT1 by protein kinase C attenuates interaction with PP1 catalytic subunit and the 20 kDa light chain of myosin.

The effect of phosphorylation in the N-terminal region of myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1) on the interactions with protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit (PP1c) and with phosphorylated 20 kDa myosin light chain (P-MLC20) was studied. Protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylated threonine-34 (1 mol/mol), the residue preceding the consensus PP1c-binding motif ((35)KVKF(38)) in MYPT1(1-38), but this did not affect binding of the peptide to PP1c. PKC incorporated 2 mol P(i) into MYPT1(1-296) suggesting a second site of phosphorylation within the ankyrin repeats (residues 40-296). This phosphorylation diminished the stimulatory effect of MYPT1(1-296) on the P-MLC20 phosphatase activity of PP1c. Binding of PP1c or P-MLC20 to phosphorylated MYPT1(1-296) was also attenuated. It is concluded that phosphorylation of MYPT1 by PKC may therefore result in altered dephosphorylation of myosin.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Distinct roles of ROCK (Rho-kinase) and MLCK in spatial regulation of MLC phosphorylation for assembly of stress fibers and focal adhesions in 3T3 fibroblasts.

ROCK (Rho-kinase), an effector molecule of RhoA, phosphorylates the myosin binding subunit (MBS) of myosin phosphatase and inhibits the phosphatase activity. This inhibition increases phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) of myosin II, which is suggested to induce RhoA-mediated assembly of stress fibers and focal adhesions. ROCK is also known to directly phosphorylate MLC in vitro; however, the physiological significance of this MLC kinase activity is unknown. It is also not clear whether MLC phosphorylation alone is sufficient for the assembly of stress fibers and focal adhesions. We have developed two reagents with opposing effects on myosin phosphatase. One is an antibody against MBS that is able to inhibit myosin phosphatase activity. The other is a truncation mutant of MBS that constitutively activates myosin phosphatase. Through microinjection of these two reagents followed by immunofluorescence with a specific antibody against phosphorylated MLC, we have found that MLC phosphorylation is both necessary and sufficient for the assembly of stress fibers and focal adhesions in 3T3 fibroblasts. The assembly of stress fibers in the center of cells requires ROCK activity in addition to the inhibition of myosin phosphatase, suggesting that ROCK not only inhibits myosin phosphatase but also phosphorylates MLC directly in the center of cells. At the cell periphery, on the other hand, MLCK but not ROCK appears to be the kinase responsible for phosphorylating MLC. These results suggest that ROCK and MLCK play distinct roles in spatial regulation of MLC phosphorylation.

3T3 Cells↗

PubMed2000

Phosphorylation of CPI-17, an inhibitor of myosin phosphatase, by protein kinase N.

CPI-17 is a phosphorylation-dependent inhibitory protein for smooth muscle myosin phosphate. Phosphorylation at Thr(38), in vitro, by protein kinase C or Rho-kinase enhances the inhibitory potency toward myosin phosphatase. Phosphorylation of CPI-17 by protein kinase N (PKN), a fatty acid- and Rho-activated serine/threonine kinase, and its effect on smooth muscle myosin phosphatase activity were investigated. CPI-17 was phosphorylated by GST-PKN-CAT, a constitutively active GST-fusion fragment of PKN, to 1.46 mol of P/mol of CPI-17, in vitro. The K(m) value of CPI-17 for PKN was 0.96 microM. Phosphorylation of PKN dramatically increased the inhibitory effect of CPI-17 on myosin phosphatase activity. The major and inhibitory phosphorylation site was identified as Thr(38) using a point mutant of CPI-17 and a phosphorylation-state specific antibody. Thus, CPI-17 is a substrate of PKN and might be involved in the Ca(2+) sensitization of smooth muscle contraction as a downstream effector of Rho and/or arachidonic acid.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Phosphorylation of CPI-17, an inhibitory phosphoprotein of smooth muscle myosin phosphatase, by Rho-kinase.

Phosphorylation of CPI-17 by Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase) and its effect on myosin phosphatase (MP) activity were investigated. CPI-17 was phosphorylated by Rho-kinase to 0.92 mol of P/mol of CPI-17 in vitro. The inhibitory phosphorylation site was Thr(38) (as reported previously) and was identified using a point mutant of CPI-17 and a phosphorylation state-specific antibody. Phosphorylation by Rho-kinase dramatically increased the inhibitory effect of CPI-17 on MP activity. Thus, CPI-17 as a substrate of Rho-kinase could be involved in the Ca(2+) sensitization of smooth muscle contraction as a downstream effector of Rho-kinase.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Inhibition of Rho-associated kinase blocks agonist-induced Ca2+ sensitization of myosin phosphorylation and force in guinea-pig ileum.

Ca2+ sensitization of smooth muscle contraction involves the small GTPase RhoA, inhibition of myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) and enhanced myosin regulatory light chain (LC20) phosphorylation. A potential effector of RhoA is Rho-associated kinase (ROK). The role of ROK in Ca2+ sensitization was investigated in guinea-pig ileum. Contraction of permeabilized muscle strips induced by GTPgammaS at pCa 6.5 was inhibited by the kinase inhibitors Y-27632, HA1077 and H-7 with IC50 values that correlated with the known Ki values for inhibition of ROK. GTPgammaS also increased LC20 phosphorylation and this was prevented by HA1077. Contraction and LC20 phosphorylation elicited at pCa 5.75 were, however, unaffected by HA1077. Pre-treatment of intact tissue strips with HA1077 abolished the tonic component of carbachol-induced contraction and the sustained elevation of LC20 phosphorylation, but had no effect on the transient or sustained increase in [Ca2+]i induced by carbachol. LC20 phosphorylation and contraction dynamics suggest that the ROK-mediated increase in LC20 phosphorylation is due to MLCP inhibition, not myosin light chain kinase activation. In the absence of Ca2+, GTPgammaS stimulated 35S incorporation from [35S]ATPgammaS into the myosin targeting subunit of MLCP (MYPT). The enhanced thiophosphorylation was inhibited by HA1077. No thiophosphorylation of LC20 was detected. These results indicate that ROK mediates agonist-induced increases in myosin phosphorylation and force by inhibiting MLCP activity through phosphorylation of MYPT. Under Ca2+-free conditions, ROK does not appear to phosphorylate LC20 in situ, in contrast to its ability to phosphorylate myosin in vitro. In particular, ROK activation is essential for the tonic phase of agonist-induced contraction.

1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine↗

PubMed2000

Study of the subunit interactions in myosin phosphatase by surface plasmon resonance.

The interactions of the catalytic subunit of type 1 protein phosphatase (PP1c) and the N-terminal half (residues 1-511) of myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1) were studied. Biotinylated MYPT1 derivatives were immobilized on streptavidin-biosensor chips, and binding parameters with PP1c were determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The affinity of binding of PP1c was: MYPT11-296 > MYPT11-38 > MYPT123-38. No binding was detected with MYPT11-34, suggesting a critical role for residues 35-38, i.e. the PP1c binding motif. Binding of residues 1-22 was inferred from: a higher affinity binding to PP1c for MYPT11-38 compared to MYPT123-38, as deduced from SPR kinetic data and ligand competition assays; and an activation of the myosin light chain phosphatase activity of PP1c by MYPT11-38, but not by MYPT123-38. Residues 40-296 (ankyrin repeats) in MYPT11-296 inhibited the phosphorylase phosphatase activity of PP1c (IC50 = 0.2 nM), whereas MYPT11-38, MYPT123-38 or MYPT11-34 were without effect. MYPT140-511, which alone did not bind to PP1c, showed facilitated binding to the complexes of PP1c-MYPT11-38 and PP1c-MYPT123-38. The inhibitory effect of MYPT140-511 on the phosphorylase phosphatase activity of PP1c also was increased in the presence of MYPT11-38. The binding of MYPT1304-511 to complexes of PP1c and MYPT11-38, or MYPT11-296, was detected by SPR. These results suggest that within the N-terminal half of MYPT1 there are at least four binding sites for PP1c. The essential interaction is with the PP1c-binding motif and the other interactions are facilitated in an ordered and cooperative manner.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1999

Inhibitory phosphorylation site for Rho-associated kinase on smooth muscle myosin phosphatase.

It is clear from several studies that myosin phosphatase (MP) can be inhibited via a pathway that involves RhoA. However, the mechanism of inhibition is not established. These studies were carried out to test the hypothesis that Rho-kinase (Rho-associated kinase) via phosphorylation of the myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1) inhibited MP activity and to identify relevant sites of phosphorylation. Phosphorylation by Rho-kinase inhibited MP activity and this reflected a decrease in V(max). Activity of MP with different substrates also was inhibited by phosphorylation. Two major sites of phosphorylation on MYPT1 were Thr(695) and Thr(850). Various point mutations were designed for these phosphorylation sites. Following thiophosphorylation by Rho-kinase and assays of phosphatase activity it was determined that Thr(695) was responsible for inhibition. A site- and phosphorylation-specific antibody was developed for the sequence flanking Thr(695) and this recognized only phosphorylated Thr(695) in both native and recombinant MYPT1. Using this antibody it was shown that stimulation of serum-starved Swiss 3T3 cells by lysophosphatidic acid, thought to activate RhoA pathways, induced an increase in Thr(695) phosphorylation on MYPT1 and this effect was blocked by a Rho-kinase inhibitor, Y-27632. In summary, these results offer strong support for a physiological role of Rho-kinase in regulation of MP activity.

3T3 Cells↗

PubMed1999

Dephosphorylation of distinct sites on the 20 kDa myosin light chain by smooth muscle myosin phosphatase.

The dephosphorylation of the myosin light chain kinase and protein kinase C sites on the 20 kDa myosin light chain by myosin phosphatase was investigated. The myosin phosphatase holoenzyme and catalytic subunit, dephosphorylated Ser-19, Thr-18 and Thr-9, but not Ser-1/Ser-2. The role of noncatalytic subunits in myosin phosphatase was to activate the phosphatase activity. For Ser-19 and Thr-18, this was due to a decrease in Km and an increase in k(cat) and for Thr-9 to a decrease in Km. Thus, the distinction between the various sites is a property of the catalytic subunit.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Activation of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit by mitosis-specific phosphorylation.

It has been demonstrated previously that during mitosis the sites of myosin phosphorylation are switched between the inhibitory sites, Ser 1/2, and the activation sites, Ser 19/Thr 18 (Yamakita, Y., S. Yamashiro, and F. Matsumura. 1994. J. Cell Biol. 124:129- 137; Satterwhite, L.L., M.J. Lohka, K.L. Wilson, T.Y. Scherson, L.J. Cisek, J.L. Corden, and T.D. Pollard. 1992. J. Cell Biol. 118:595-605), suggesting a regulatory role of myosin phosphorylation in cell division. To explore the function of myosin phosphatase in cell division, the possibility that myosin phosphatase activity may be altered during cell division was examined. We have found that the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit (MYPT) undergoes mitosis-specific phosphorylation and that the phosphorylation is reversed during cytokinesis. MYPT phosphorylated either in vivo or in vitro in the mitosis-specific way showed higher binding to myosin II (two- to threefold) compared to MYPT from cells in interphase. Furthermore, the activity of myosin phosphatase was increased more than twice and it is suggested this reflected the increased affinity of myosin binding. These results indicate the presence of a unique positive regulatory mechanism for myosin phosphatase in cell division. The activation of myosin phosphatase during mitosis would enhance dephosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain, thereby leading to the disassembly of stress fibers during prophase. The mitosis-specific effect of phosphorylation is lost on exit from mitosis, and the resultant increase in myosin phosphorylation may act as a signal to activate cytokinesis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1999

Rho-associated kinase of chicken gizzard smooth muscle.

Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase) from chicken gizzard smooth muscle was purified to apparent homogeneity (160 kDa on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and identified as the ROKalpha isoform. Several substrates were phosphorylated. Rates with myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1), myosin, and the 20-kDa myosin light chain were higher than other substrates. Thiophosphorylation of MYPT1 inhibited myosin phosphatase activity. Phosphorylation of myosin at serine 19 increased actin-activated Mg+-ATPase activity, i.e. similar to myosin light chain kinase. Myosin phosphorylation was increased at higher ionic strengths, possibly by formation of 6 S myosin. Phosphorylation of the isolated light chain and myosin phosphatase was decreased by increasing ionic strength. Rho-kinase was stimulated 1.5-2-fold by guanosine 5'-O-3-(thio)triphosphate.RhoA, whereas limited tryptic hydrolysis caused a 5-6-fold activation, independent of RhoA. Several kinase inhibitors were screened and most effective were Y-27632, staurosporine, and H-89. Several lipids caused slight activation of Rho-kinase, but arachidonic acid (30-50 microM) induced a 5-6-fold activation, independent of RhoA. These results suggest that Rho-kinase of smooth muscle may be involved in the contractile process via phosphorylation of MYPT1 and myosin. Activation by arachidonic acid presents a possible regulatory mechanism for Rho-kinase.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1999

Expression, subcellular localization, and cloning of the 130-kDa regulatory subunit of myosin phosphatase in porcine aortic endothelial cells.

In endothelial cells in situ and in primary culture, immunoblot analysis revealed an expression of the 130-kDa subunit of myosin phosphatase, similar to the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit (MYPT) of smooth muscle. Screening of an endothelial cell cDNA library yielded a clone encoding an NH2-terminal fragment of 89.6 kDa, closely related to smooth muscle MYPT1. Two isoforms differing by a central insert of 56 residues were detected. In growing cells, MYPT1 was localized on stress fiber, but at confluence the localization pattern changed and MYPT1 was distributed close to the cell membrane and at cell-cell contacts. The membrane localization of MYPT1 suggested a target other than myosin and raised the possibility that MYPT1 may be involved in dephosphorylation of alternative substrate(s). These distinct mechanisms would also be dependent on the growth state of the endothelial cells, i.e., regulation of actin-myosin interactions in growing cells and an unknown function in cells at confluence.

Amino Acid Sequence↗