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Biomedical subjects

D J Ferguson

Publications and source records attributed to D J Ferguson.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

A morphological study of the changes which occur during pregnancy in the human breast.

In this study the structural changes which occur during human pregnancy were examined by light and electron microscopy. Pregnancy was associated with proliferation and differentiation of the epithelial cells within the lobules. Proliferation was continuous throughout pregnancy with a progressive increase in the size of the lobules. The highest level of mitosis was observed in the first trimester with lower levels in the second and third trimesters. Unexpectedly a number of apoptotic cells were observed during pregnancy. Differentiation was initiated in the second trimester with an increase in the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum and the appearance of a hypertrophic Golgi body and lipid droplets within a number of epithelial cells. A number of small vacuoles were present close to the apical plasmalemma of a few epithelial cells. As the pregnancy proceeded there was an increase in the number of cells exhibiting these features. There was also an increase in the size of the lipid droplets and the number of apical vacuoles. The apical vacuoles which have not been described previously range in size from 150-600 nm with the contents of the larger vacuoles having a whorled or labyrinth-like appearance.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Anesthesia for craniofacial osteotomies.

Management of major craniofacial deformities requires an interdisciplinary approach. The importance of the role of the anesthesiologist is often not appreciated by those outside that specialty. The experience of almost fifteen years of dealing with these very difficult cases is presented. Anesthetic techniques are discussed in general terms. Intraoperative and postoperative airway problems and solutions are stressed. An effort is made to describe how the anesthesiologist should work with the surgeon to prevent anesthetic emergencies and to ensure optimal patient management.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1982

The pathological findings of breast cancer in patients surviving 25 years after radical mastectomy.

The authors report the findings in 107 women who are known to have survived 25 years from among a population of 746 consecutive patients who underwent radical mastectomy for breast carcinoma at the University of Chicago Hospitals and Clinics from 1929 to 1955. Of these patients, 103 had invasive carcinomas, two had intraductal carcinomas, and two had subareolar papillomatosis. Six patients had to be excluded because of inadequate pathologic material. The pathologic findings in 93 cases were compared with those in an equal number of control cases dying within a comparatively short period (median, 3.4 years; range 0.9-9.9 years) after radical mastectomy. These were matched for age, tumor size, and number of positive nodes. Only two of our patients suffered recurrences, and none died of her original tumor; however, 12 developed second primaries in the opposite breast, and four died from them. Compared with all patients who underwent radical mastectomy in this period, the 25-year survivors were younger (69 versus 43% were younger than age 50 years), had smaller tumors (39 versus 26% less than 2 cm in diameter), and a larger number (60 versus 39%) had negative nodes. Nonetheless, 12% of the survivors had tumors larger than 5 cm in diameter and 11% had four or more positive nodes. Histologically, 19% of the 25-year survivors had medullary, mucoid, infiltrating lobular, tubular or lipid rich carcinomas, whereas there was only one lobular and one apocrine carcinoma in the control group. Compared with controls, the survivors had a higher percentage of Grade I tumors and a lower incidence of lymphatic and vascular invasion in the breast. Only one 25-year survivor compared with 16 controls had blood vessel invasion. A surprising 63% of the 25-year survivors had lymphatic or vascular invasion within the tumor, or lymph node metastases compared with 82% of controls. While our studies confirm the importance of these well-known prognostic indicators, it also shows that some patients with pathologically unfavorable lesions, i.e., large tumors of high grade with extensive lymphatic invasion and many positive nodes, treated by radical mastectomy may survive for 25 years. However, we could not accurately predict, among the cases we studied, who would be expected to survive 25 years or who would die within four years.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Staging of breast cancer and survival rates. An assessment based on 50 years of experience with radical mastectomy.

The correlation of staging criteria for mammary carcinoma with the curability of primary and recurrent local and regional lesions was assessed by follow-up after 1,259 consecutive radical mastectomies performed in women under age 70 between 1927 and 1978. Using a staging scheme revised in the light of our experience, the incidence of recurrence by 20 years was 34% +/- 2.7% for pathological stage I, 65% +/- 2.6% for stage II, and 83% +/- 2.5% for stage III. Recurrence after 20 years was observed in one of 178 patients. After treatment of local recurrence, three of 51 patients survived 20 years. By restriction of entry into clinical or pathological stages I and II, currently employed revisions of staging criteria appear to increase survival in all stages, while placing patients with possibly curable lesions in stages III and IV.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Cell turnover in the "resting" human breast: influence of parity, contraceptive pill, age and laterality.

Morphological identification of cell multiplication (mitosis) and cell deletion (apoptosis) within the lobules of the "resting" human breast is used to assess the response of the breast parenchyma to the menstrual cycle. The responses are shown to have a biorhythm in phase with the menstrual cycle, with a 3-day separation of the mitotic and apoptotic peaks. The study fails to demonstrate significant differences in the responses between groups defined according to parity, contraceptive-pill use or presence of fibroadenoma. However, significant differences are found in the apoptotic response according to age and laterality. The results highlight the complexity of modulating influences on breast parenchymal turnover in the "resting" state, and prompt the investigation of other factors as well as steroid hormones and prolactin in the promotion of mitosis. The factors promoting apoptosis in the breast are still not clear.

Adenofibroma↗
PubMed1982

Scanning electron microscopy of the oocyst and sporocyst of Toxoplasma gondii.

Oocysts and sporocysts of T. gondii were examined with the scanning electron microscope. The oocysts were slightly ellipsoidal in shape with a smooth outline. The sporocysts were also ellipsoidal with a smooth surface on which there were a number of raised ridges. The ridges represent the junctions between the four plates comprising the sporocyst wall. From the distribution of the ridges it was concluded that the wall consisted of two upper and two lower plates which were at an angle to each other and which interlocked along the mid-line suture. The specific orientation of the plates would provide a structure extremely resistant to mechanical disruption. During excystation, an infolding of the surface was observed along the suture lines between the plates of the sporocyst wall.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Ultrastructural observations on cell death by apoptosis in the "resting" human breast.

For the first time the process of epithelial cell deletion was studied within the parenchymal component of the "resting" human breast. The dying cells were initially recognised by specific nuclear changes involving peripheral condensation of the chromatin and nucleolar disintegration. At this stage the cells were retracted from the lumen and had lost desmosomal connections with their neighbours. Within the cytoplasm, there was evidence of ribosomal detachment from the endoplasmic reticulum with the formation of ribosome aggregates. The majority of dying cells were phagocytosed at this stage although a few underwent further morphological changes. These involved blebbing and fragmentation of the nucleus followed by cytoplasmic fragmentation. The dying cells and cell fragments were phagocytosed by epithelial or myoepithelial cells as well as mononuclear phagocytes and undergo lysosomal digestion within the phagosomes. These progressive morphological changes were consistent with cell deletion occurring by apoptosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Morphological evaluation of cell turnover in relation to the menstrual cycle in the "resting" human breast.

This study examines cell turnover within the lobules of the "resting" human breast and correlates it to the stage of the menstrual cycle. The results are based on the morphological identification of both cell multiplication (mitosis) and cell deletion (apoptosis). It is found that these events undergo significant cyclical changes during the menstrual cycle, with raised levels towards the end of the cycle and during menses. However, in relation to a 28-day menstrual cycle, the position of the mitotic and apoptotic peaks, at Days 25 and 28 respectively, are significantly different. The high values are associated with an increase in the number of lobules showing a slight response rather than a large reaction within a few lobules. It appears that the "resting" breast tissue shows a general, rather than a focal reaction to a given hormonal environment. The possible role of oestrogen and progesterone as effectors of these changes is discussed. Our results show that the menstrual cycle influences cell turnover, though different factors may be affecting mitosis and apoptosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Ultrastructural observations on microgametogenesis and the structure of the microgamete of Isospora felis.

The endogenous forms of Isospora felis were observed within the epithelial cells of the small intestine of the cat. They were situated within a parasitophorous vacuole which was limited by a multimembranous wall. The ultrastructural features of microgametogenesis were studied at 8 days post-infection. The initial phase of microgamont development consisted of cytoplasmic growth accompanied by a number of nuclear divisions. The gamont was enclosed by a pellicle and its surface area was greatly increased by deep invaginations. In the later stages of development the numerous nuclei were situated close to the pellicle. Each nucleus has peripherally condensed chromatin. Formation of the microgametes occurred as protrusions from the microgamont surface. Two basal bodies, the dense portion of a nucleus and a mitochondrion entered each protrusion. The microgametes matured while still attached to the gamont from which they finally budded off into the parasitophorous vacuole leaving a large residual cytoplasmic mass. The mature microgamete was found to consist of an elogate nucleus which overlaps with a mitochondrion towards the anterior end of the organism. The anterior portion contains a dense perforatorium and two basal bodies with attached flagella. In addition a number of microtubules (5-9) were found to run longitudinally from the basal body region.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Ultrastructural observations on macrogametogenesis and the structure of the macrogamete of Isospora felis.

The ultrastructural changes occurring during macrogametogenes of Isospora felis were studied in the small intestine of the cat at 8 and 9 days post-infection. The parasites were situated in parasitophorous vacuoles within the host epithelial cells. The early macrogamont could be identified by its ellipsoidal shape and by the presence of a large nucleus with a distinct nucleolus. Throughout the development of the macrogamont the organism remained limited by a pellicle. At an early stage of macrogametogenesis the formation of the wall-forming bodies of types I and II (WFB I and WFB II) was initiated simultaneously. The formation of the WFB I appeared to involve the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and the Golgi bodies, whereas the WFB II developed within cisternae of the rER. Early in the developmental process vacuoles were observed which budded off from the nucleus and formed multimembranous vacuoles. During gametogenesis both lipid globules and polysaccharide granules developed within the cytoplasm. The mature macrogamete was spherical in appearance and was limited by a pellicle. It possessed a large nucleus with a nucleolus and the cytoplasm was filled with numerous WFB I, WFB II, lipid globules and polysaccharide granules. A few multimembranous vacuoles were also present together with canaliculi, mitochondria, Golgi bodies and some rER.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Tumorilysin collected in diffusion chambers and restraint of foreign body tumorigenesis.

Tumorilysin was found in diffusion chambers implanted s.c. or i.p. in A/BiF/F50+, DBA/2J and C57BL/6J mice. Chambers with 0.45-micrometer pores implanted s.c. were most densely covered by a syncytium of macrophages and had the most consistently active tumorilysin, compared with smaller-pored chambers or those implanted i.p. The lysin acted on cultures of murine sarcomas induced by foreign bodies, murine and human mammary carcinoma, and human lymphoma. Lysis was demonstrable within 15 min. There was a dose-response relationship between residual cell counts in cultures and concentrations of diffusion chamber fluid between 1.5 and 12.5%. Murine fibroblasts in culture were not lysed by tumorilytic fluid. The incidence of sarcomas induced by 15-mm vinyl squares implanted s.c. in A/BiF/F50+ mice was significantly reduced at 64 weeks in each of 4 experiments by 2 or 3 injections of 0.05 ml diffusion chamber fluid within the capsule on each side at 2 to 42 weeks after implantation. Analyses of the fluid, compared with serum, for the following substances showed no correlation with tumorilysis: cathepsin D; neutral protease; complement C3 fraction; and arginase. Tumorilysin was preserved by lyophilization and was destroyed by heating to 56 degrees; it did not pass filters cutting off at m.w. 300,000.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Pathologic stage I and II Hodgkin's disease, 1968--1975: relapse and results of retreatment.

Sixty-seven previously untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease, pathologic stages I and II, seen during a 7-year period were evaluted with respect to initial staging and treatment, as well as relapse and retreatment results. The initial treatment consisted of radiation therapy (RT) to an involved field (IF) or an extended field (EF) for patients with stages IA and IIA, or RT and, in recent cases, combination chemotherapy [cyclophosphamide, Oncovin, procarbazine, and prednisone (COPP)] for patients with stages IB and IIB. Nineteen of the 67 patients relapsed (28%), including 11 of 56 patients with stages IA and IIA (20%) and 8 of 11 patients with stages IB and IIB (73%). Seventeen of the 19 relapses occurred within 24 months after completion of the initial therapy (89%). The relapse-free survival at 5 years was 75% for the A patients and 25% for the B patients. The actuarial survival of stage IA and stage IIA patients at 5 years was 91%; there was no significant difference between patients treated initially with either IF or EF. The actuarial survival at 5 years for the patients with stages IB and IIB was 88%, as most responded to a second program of induction therapy. No correlation could be found between the pattern of relapse and the initial pathologic stage or the mode of treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Ultrastructural studies on the sporulation of oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii. I. Development of the zygote and formation of the sporoblasts.

The initial stages of sporulation in oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii were examined in samples sporulated at 27 degrees C for 0, 6, 12, 16 and 24 hours. The initial zygote was roughly spherical and was limited by a single unit membrane. A few micropores of the inactive type were present on this membrane. The cytoplasm contained a large nucleus with a nucleolus, a number of polysaccharide granules, lipid globules, mitochondria, and Golgi bodies together with a few strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum. After the initiation of sporulation little change was noted in the cytoplasm except for an increase in protein synthesis as evidenced by the augmentation of the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum and the appearance of polyribosomes. Nuclear division occurred twice giving rise to four nuclei which were situated close to the cell periphery and well separated from each other. At this multinucleate stage a second limiting membrane was formed. The cytoplasmic mass then divided to form the two sporoblasts. This was accomplished by an invagination of the limiting membranes in combination with internally formed membranes. The two binuclear sporoblasts were roughly spherical. They were limited by two unit membranes and contained the same cytoplasmic organelles as described for the zygote.

Animals↗