Hospital acquired pulmonary nocardiosis complicating polymyositis.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
D Gupta
Publications and source records attributed to D Gupta.
Slurring of aVR--an early marker of right ventricular infarction.
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Echocardiography↗
Observation of unique cross-linked lattices between multiantennary carbohydrates and soybean lectin. Presence of pseudo-2-fold axes of symmetry in complex type carbohydrates.
The tetrameric lectin from Glycine max (soybean) (SBA) has been shown to cross-link and precipitate with N-linked multiantennary complex type oligosaccharides containing nonreducing terminal Gal residues (Bhattacharyya, L., Haraldsson, M., & Brewer, C. F. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 1034-1041). In the present study, negative stain electron micrographs of the precipitates of SBA with a series of naturally occurring and synthetic multiantennary carbohydrates with terminal Gal or GalNAc residues show the presence of highly ordered cross-linked lattices for many of the complexes. The precipitates of SBA with a "bisected" and "nonbisected" N-linked biantennary complex type oligosaccharide containing Gal residues at the nonreducing termini show similar two-dimensional patterns. However, the pattern observed for the precipitates of a tetraantennary complex type oligosaccharide with SBA is distinct from those of the two biantennary carbohydrates. Furthermore, the precipitates formed between the lectin and a synthetic O-linked biantennary ("cluster") glycoside with terminal GalNAc residues show a pattern that is different from those above. Four biantennary pentasaccharide analogs of the blood group I antigen containing beta-LacNAc moieties at the 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,6-, and 3,6-positions of the core Gal also showed ordered patterns in their precipitates with SBA. X-ray crystallographic data and mixed quantitative precipitation profiles of binary mixtures of the four analogs demonstrate that each analog possesses a unique cross-linked lattice with the protein. A common structural feature of the naturally occurring and synthetic carbohydrates that show highly organized cross-linked lattices with SBA is the presence of a pseudo-2-fold axis of symmetry in each oligosaccharide relating the terminal binding epitopes on each arm. This suggests that the symmetry features of certain naturally occurring branch chain oligosaccharides facilitate formation of highly ordered, homogeneous cross-linked complexes with specific lectins.
Carbohydrate Conformation↗
Homogeneous aggregation of the 14-kDa beta-galactoside specific vertebrate lectin complex with asialofetuin in mixed systems.
The galactose-specific 14-kDa family of animals lectins are an evolutionary conserved group of proteins that have been implicated in a wide variety of biological processes including cell proliferation, adhesion, and transformation. The present study demonstrates that the dimeric 14-kDa calf spleen lectin forms homogeneous aggregated cross-linked complexes with asialofetuin, a glycoprotein with multiple carbohydrate chains possessing terminal galactose residues, in the presence of other lectins with similar specificities and cross-linking activities. Several galactose-specific plant lectins also form homogeneous aggregated cross-linked complexes with ASF. These results demonstrate a new source of specificity for the 14-kDa family of vertebrate lectins, namely, the ability to selectively cross-link and aggregate glycoproteins in mixed systems. The results have important biological implications for the interactions of multivalent lectins and glycoconjugates, as well as the thermodynamic interactions of multivalent molecules in general.
Animals↗
Observation of unique cross-linked lattices between multiantennary carbohydrates and soybean lectin. Presence of pseudo-2-fold axes of symmetry in complex type carbohydrates.
The tetrameric lectin from Glycine max (soybean) (SBA) has been shown to cross-link and precipitate with N-linked multiantennary complex type oligosaccharides containing nonreducing terminal Gal residues (Bhattacharyya, L., Haraldsson, M., & Brewer, C. F. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 1034-1041). In the present study, negative stain electron micrographs of the precipitates of SBA with a series of naturally occurring and synthetic multiantennary carbohydrates with terminal Gal or GalNAc residues show the presence of highly ordered cross-linked lattices for many of the complexes. The precipitates of SBA with a "bisected" and "nonbisected" N-linked biantennary complex type oligosaccharide containing Gal residues at the nonreducing termini show similar two-dimensional patterns. However, the pattern observed for the precipitates of a tetraantennary complex type oligosaccharide with SBA is distinct from those of the two biantennary carbohydrates. Furthermore, the precipitates formed between the lectin and a synthetic O-linked biantennary ("cluster") glycoside with terminal GalNAc residues show a pattern that is different from those above. Four biantennary pentasaccharide analogs of the blood group I antigen containing beta-LacNAc moieties at the 2.3-, 2.4-, 2.6-, and 3.6-positions of the core Gal also showed ordered patterns in their precipitates with SBA. X-ray crystallographic data and mixed quantitative precipitation profiles of binary mixtures of the four analogs demonstrate that each analog possesses a unique cross-linked lattice with the protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Binding Sites↗
Differences in the cross-linking activities of native and recombinant Erythrina corallodendron lectin with asialofetuin. Evidence for carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions in lectin-glycoprotein complexes.
A previous study showed that several multivalent galactose-specific lectins including the 14-kDa lectin from calf spleen and the lectins from Erythrina indica, Erythrina cristagalli, and soybean agglutinin formed specific cross-linked complexes with the glycoprotein asialofetuin (ASF) [Mandal, D. K., & Brewer, C. F. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 8465-8472]. In the present study, we have used quantitative precipitation analysis to compare the cross-linking activities of the Gal/GalNAc-specific lectin from Erythrina corallodendron (ECorL) and the recombinant protein (rECorL) which lacks the covalently linked heptasaccharide chains of the native lectin, with ASF. At low concentrations of ASF relative to the lectin, native dimeric ECorL binds to each of the three terminal Gal residues of the three N-linked triantennary chains of ASF and precipitates as a cross-linked complex at a ratio of 1:9 ASF/lectin (monomer). With increasing concentrations of ASF, the 1:9 complex changes to a 1:3 ASF/lectin complex, and at higher ASF concentrations, a 1:1 cross-linked complex forms. However, rECorL, which possesses the same specificity and binding affinity as the native lectin, forms only the 1:9 and 1:3 ASF/lectin complexes. Other Erythrina lectins examined, all of which have covalently attached carbohydrate and are structurally similar to ECorL, show the same cross-linking behavior as native ECorL. On the other hand, the dimeric 14-kDa calf spleen lectin which lacks covalently attached carbohydrate forms only 1:9 and 1:3 cross-linked complexes with ASF [Mandal, D. K., & Brewer, C. F. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 8465-8472].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Asialoglycoproteins↗
Heparin, sulfated heparinoids, and lipoteichoic acids bind to the 70-kDa peptidoglycan/lipopolysaccharide receptor protein on lymphocytes.
The same 70-kDa protein, present on the surface of mouse lymphocytes, served as the predominant binding site for heparin, heparinoids, and bacterial lipoteichoic acids, as well as peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides. This conclusion was supported by the following results: (a) all of these compounds photoaffinity cross-linked to one major 70-kDa 6.5-7.0 pI protein that co-migrated on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; (b) peptide maps of the 70-kDa proteins digested with chymotrypsin, subtilisin, protease V, or papain yielded the same peptides for heparin-, lipoteichoic acid-, peptidoglycan-, and lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins; (c) cross-linking of peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, and heparin was competitively inhibited by the same compounds with the same order of potency, i.e. carboxyl-reduced sulfated heparin > peptidoglycan > pentosan polysulfate > heparin > chitin > dextran sulfate > trestatin sulfate > polyanetholesulfonate > fucoidan > beta-cyclodextrin tetradecasulfate > heparan sulfate > carrageenan lambda > lipoteichoic acids > Re-lipopolysaccharide > lipopolysaccharide > lipid A > polygalacturonic acid; and (d) cross-linking of each of these ligands was not inhibited by carboxyl-reduced heparin, dextran, beta-cyclodextrin, trestatin, carrageenan kappa, chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate, beta-D-glucan, carboxy-methylcellulose, levan, alpha-D-mannan, and glycogen. The minimum size of the molecule that bound was 7-9 glycan residues, whereas, di- and trisaccharides did not bind. There was a logarithmic linear relationship between the strength of the binding and the length of the polymer (up to > 1500 glycan residues), which indicates an avidity effect of the cooperative binding of one polymeric molecule to several receptor molecules on the cell surface. The 70-kDa receptor, therefore, has a broad, but limited specificity of binding for non-charged (peptidoglycan and chitin), highly negatively charged (heparin and heparinoids), and weakly negatively charged (lipoteichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, and lipid A) ligands.
Acute-Phase Proteins↗
Neuroendocrine alterations in uveitis patients.
Experimental models of autoimmune uveitis are consistently associated with pinealitis. To investigate the interaction between the neuroendocrine and immune systems in humans with uveitis, we measured serum levels of the predominant pineal hormone melatonin (MEL), prolactin (PRL) and interleukin-2 (IL-2). A total of 100 patients with different forms of uveitis and 30 age-matched, healthy blood donors were evaluated retrospectively. The day-time MEL was reduced significantly (P < or = 0.01) in patients with iritis and iridocyclitis, and highly significantly (P < or = 0.001) in patients with intermediate uveitis, chorioretinitis and panuveitis. In 38% of patients day-time MEL levels in plasma were below the limit of detection. PRL was significantly reduced (P < 0.01) in patients with intermediate uveitis. IL-2 was reduced to about 50% of control values in all groups of patients. The results suggest a possible neuroendocrine-immune interaction in uveitis patients.
Adolescent↗
Synthesis of neoglycopeptides and analyses of their biodistribution in vivo to identify tissue specific uptake and novel putative membrane lectins.
Complex type N-linked oligosaccharides derived from fetuin, fibrinogen and thyroglobulin were coupled to acetyltyrosine affording a series of neoglycopeptides with retention of terminal structures and the beta-anomeric configuration of their reducing end N-acetylglycosamine residue. The neoglycopeptides thus synthesized could be labelled to high specific activities with 125I in the aromatic side chain of tyrosine. Analysis of the fate of these neoglycopeptides in conjunction with inhibition with asialofetuin and oligosaccharides of defined structure in mice in vivo revealed the uptake of galactosylated biantennary compound by kidneys, in addition to the known itinerary of triantennary galactosylated complex oligosaccharide from fetuin to liver and the galactosylated biantennary chain with fucosylation in the core to bone marrows. On the other hand, the agalacto, aglucosamino biantennary chains with and without fucosylation in the core region are taken up by submaxillary glands while the conserved trimannosyl core with fucose is primarily concentrated in stomach tissue. These studies thus define new routes for the uptake of complex N-linked glycans and also subserve to identify lectins presumably involved in their recognition.
Animals↗
Pathogenesis of the prune belly syndrome.
The triad of abnormalities of the prune belly syndrome may arise simply from the effects of early urethral obstruction or alternatively from a basic defect of the mesoderm from which the triad of abnormalities develops. The urethra and genital tract of 21 prune belly syndrome specimens and 23 specimens of Young's posterior urethral valves types 1 and 3 were compared in a study for differences in the pathological anatomy that may elucidate the controversy. The specimens were dissected and investigated radiographically and histologically. The seminal ducts and vesicles, and prostatic glands were abnormal in the prune belly syndrome specimens and normally developed in the posterior urethral valve specimens. We contest that this major difference stems from a primary defect of the intermediate and lateral plate mesoderm in the prune belly syndrome which would affect the embryogenesis not only of the mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts but also of the musculature of the abdominal wall and urinary organs, and that prune belly valves when present are intrinsic components of the mesodermal defect of the prune belly syndrome urethra.
Fetus↗
Effect of protein energy malnutrition on the lipid composition and leucine uptake of small intestinal brush border vesicles of growing rhesus monkeys.
Mild to moderate protein energy malnutrition (PEM) was induced in young developing rhesus monkeys by giving them half of the casein-based synthetic diet which was given to control animals. After a body weight reduction of 30-40%, the PEM animals were sacrificed. The small intestine was removed, flushed with ice-cold saline, everted and divided into equal proximal, middle and distal segments. Brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were prepared from all three segments and assayed for marker enzymes, e.g. sucrase and alkaline phosphatase, to assess their purity. Sucrase was found to be purified 23-fold and alkaline phosphatase 12-fold compared to the respective homogenates in all three parts. In PEM animals, uptake of [U-14C]L-leucine into the BBMV was diminished in all three segments and cholesterol and phospholipid levels also decreased significantly. As a result there was an elevation in the molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid, and the sphingomyelin: phosphatidylcholine molar ratio also increased. This signified a decrease in lipid fluidity and amino acid uptake in PEM in the small intestine. Histologically, a mild to moderate grade of partial villus atrophy was observed in the intestine. The diminished uptake and lipid fluidity of the membrane and the histological changes returned to their control values after nutritional rehabilitation.
Alkaline Phosphatase↗
Indices of morbidity and control of asthma in adult patients exposed to environmental tobacco smoke.
The study was undertaken to compare the indices of morbidity and control of asthma in 100 adult patients exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) inhalation (group 2), with 100 asthmatics not exposed (group 1). Exposure was established from the history of smoking by the patient's spouse and other close contacts. Asthma control and morbidity were assessed during their follow-up visits in the chest outpatient clinic by inquiring into the emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalization, acute episodes, requirement of parenteral drugs at home, corticosteroids, and maintenance bronchodilators in the preceding 1-year period. Index per patient was also calculated. Lung function was recorded by the measurement of forced expiratory flows on the same day of the follow-up visit. The mean age and disease duration were comparable, but the expiratory flows were lower in the patients exposed to ETS. More patients in group 2 required daily bronchodilators (66 percent) and intermittent corticosteroids (56 percent). The number of ED visits, acute episodes, and parenteral bronchodilators per patient were significantly more (p < 0.01) in group 2 patients. Similarly, the number of weeks of absence from work and of corticosteroid requirement were more (p < 0.01) in the ETS-exposed patients. We conclude that the control of asthma is poor and morbidity greater in adult patients with asthma exposed to ETS at home and/or at work.
Adult↗
In vivo growth hormone gene expression in neonatal rat thymus and bone marrow.
The ontogenesis of GH gene expression in the pituitary gland and immune organs of rats was studied by in vitro amplification of GH mRNA using a specific reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Samples were obtained after microsurgery and total RNA extraction of fetal, neonatal and adult rat tissues. Amplification was followed by analysis using Southern blot techniques and hybridization using a specific digoxigenin-labelled GH cDNA probe. The study was started on day 15 of gestation. GH gene expression occurred in the pituitary gland on day 17. GH mRNA was found in the bone marrow and thymus of neonatal rats but not in the spleen or liver. No GH transcripts were detected in the immune organs of fetal or adult rats. The transient GH expression in rat immune organs may indicate a specific function of GH in the development of the immune system during the neonatal period.
Animals↗
Distribution of digestive enzymes in gastrointestinal tract of young rhesus monkeys.
The distribution of different mucosal digestive enzymes along the gastrointestinal tract of young rhesus monkeys were studied by biochemical analysis of homogenized specimen from 13 different segments (i.e. stomach-fundus, body, antrum; small intestine-D1, D2, proximal, middle, distal; caecum; colon-ascending, transverse, descending and rectum), obtained from 6 monkeys of approximate age 8-12 months. The activity of all the enzymes was lowest in gastric mucosa rising through duodenum to peak in small intestine and declining towards the large bowel. There was no significant difference in levels of any of the enzymes between different parts of stomach or large bowel. This study suggests that like humans in rhesus monkeys maximum activity of digestive enzymes is present in small intestine and much less in gastric and large bowel mucosa.
Animals↗
200 picosecond molecular dynamics simulation of interaction of nifedipine with 1-2 dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine membrane.
Interaction of calcium channel antagonist nifedipine (Nif) with 1-2 dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) membrane has been studied using molecular dynamics approach. The simulations for one molecule of nifedipine with four DMPC molecules were carried out for 200 pico seconds (ps) using AMBER (Assisted Model Building with Energy Refinement) 3.0 adopted to CYBER 180/930 computer and changes in the structural parameters of DMPC were compared with those for DMPC monolayer (a matrix of nine molecules) optimized separately. Dynamics simulations for the latter had been carried for 40 ps. Our results show that the drug molecule (Nif) penetrates a discrete depth within the phospholipid matrix causing hydrocarbon chains of lipid molecules to swing that makes enough room for the receptor adjacent to the drug molecule.
Computer Simulation↗
Blood requirement and utilization in spinal surgery (blood in spinal surgery).
The blood requisition practice for the most commonly performed spinal prolapsed disc surgery was assessed in a prospective manner for 18 months, in total 108 patients. It was observed that nearly 78% operations did not require any transfusion. Transfusion index (TI) was .4, showing a tendency of over ordering of blood for these procedures. The cross match: transfusion (C/T) ratio was very high 4.3. It is obvious that these procedures hardly require blood transfusion. Thus by introducing an ABO-Rh typing screening and immediate spin cross match scheme, can drastically reduce the patients agony, laboratory work load and patients treatment cost.
Blood Transfusion↗
A rare Rh phenotype in a north Indian family.
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Genotype↗
Selective inhibition of N-acetylglucosamine and galactose-specific lectins including the 14-kDa vertebrate lectin by novel synthetic biantennary oligosaccharides.
A novel series of synthetic biantennary tri-, penta- and hepta-saccharides with terminal beta-GlcNAc, beta-LacNAc and alpha NeuAc(2,6)beta LacNAc residues, respectively, [LacNAc = Gal beta (1,4)Glc-NAc] connected to a core Gal residue were evaluated for their inhibitory potencies for specific plant and animal lectins. Six isomeric trisaccharides with two beta-GlcNAc residues at the 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,6-, 3,4-, 3,6-, or 4,6-positions of the core Gal were tested for their hemagglutination inhibition activities against two GlcNAc-specific lectins, Griffonia simplicifolia II (GS II) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). The 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,6- and 3,6-trisaccharides inhibited WGA 12-50 times more strongly than GlcNAc, whereas only weak or no inhibition was observed with GS II. The 3,4- and 4,6-trisaccharides did not inhibit either of the lectins. Six biantennary isomeric pentasaccharides containing two terminal beta-LacNAc residues with branching patterns similar to the trisaccharides showed selective hemagglutination inhibition of five Gal/GalNAc-specific plant lectins and the 14-kDa Gal-specific calf spleen lectin. The plant lectins include the soybean agglutinin (SBA), ricin agglutinin-I (RCA-I), and three Erythrina lectins with similar specificities: Erythrina indica (EIL), E. corallodendron (ECorL), and E. cristagalli (ECL). The 2,3-pentasaccharide inhibited only SBA and the 14-kDa lectin, and thus was a selective inhibitor among the plant lectins. The 2,6-pentasaccharide inhibited SBA, ECL and the 14-kDa lectin, but not RCA-I or the two other Erythrina lectins. The 4,6-pentasaccharide did not inhibit any of the plant lectins, but was a specific inhibitor of the 14-kDa calf spleen lectin. Synthetic heptasaccharides analogs with 2,4-, 2,6-, 3,6- and 4,6-branching patterns and terminal alpha(2,6)NeuAc residues all showed 25-fold stronger inhibition against the alpha(2,6)sialic-acid-specific elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) bark lectin as compared to a monovalent disaccharide alpha NeuAc(2,6)beta GalOR. The lack of inhibition of alpha NeuAc(2,6)beta GalOR derivatives methylated at the C6 of the Gal residue and a sulfur-linked thiosialoside derivative demonstrates that the 2,6-anomeric linkage region is important for lectin recognition. Selective inhibition of the Gal/GalNAc-specific lectins was observed for two isomeric C6 methyl-substituted Gal derivatives of methyl beta-LacNAc which possess different preferred rotamer orientations about the C5-C6 bond of the Gal residue.
Acetylglucosamine↗