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Biomedical subjects

D Grangé

Publications and source records attributed to D Grangé.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

Cognitive skill learning and schizophrenia: implications for cognitive remediation.

The ability to acquire a motor and cognitive skill was investigated in 26 patients with schizophrenia and 26 normal participants using repeated testing on the Tower of Toronto puzzle. Seven patients with defective performance were retested using additional trials and immediate feedback designed to facilitate problem solving. A component analysis of performance was used based on J. R. Anderson's (1987) model of cognitive skill learning. Patients exhibited a performance deficit on both motor and cognitive skills. However, their acquisition rate was similar to that of normal participants on most parameters, indicating that skill learning suffered little or no impairment. Performance deficit was accounted for by poor problem-solving ability, explicit memory, and general intellectual capacities. It was remediable in some, but not all, patients. Remediation failure was also related to severe defects of cognitive functions.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Effects of haloperidol and amisulpride on motor and cognitive skill learning in healthy volunteers.

The effects of a typical neuroleptic, haloperidol (1 and 2 mg orally), of an atypical neuroleptic, amisulpride (50 and 100 mg) and of a placebo on motor and cognitive skill learning were assessed in 60 healthy volunteers using repeated testing on the Tower of Toronto puzzle. Subjects were asked to solve three blocks of eight trials and, at distance from drug administration, a fourth block. The puzzle was connected to a computer in order to obtain a precise timing of individual moves. Two components of cognitive skill learning were assessed, the ability to learn to solve the puzzle and the acquisition of a problem-solving routine. Subjective feelings of effort and automatisation of the task were assessed using a questionnaire. Like placebo-treated subjects, neuroleptic-treated subjects were able to acquire a motor skill, to learn to solve the puzzle and to acquire a routine. However, haloperidol 2 mg-treated subjects needed significantly more moves to solve the puzzle in blocks 3 and 4, some of them having routinised a non-optimal solution. A significant cognitive slowing was observed in the haloperidol 1 mg group in block 4. The performance pattern and verbal reports suggested that haloperidol impaired the higher cognitive functions such as the ability to shift from one strategy to another and/or to assess one's performance accurately, possibly leading to the development of compensatory strategies. The only deleterious amisulpride effect was a cognitive slowing in block 4, which was observed in the lower dose group.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Bilateral ECT and autobiographical memory of subjective experiences related to melancholia: a pilot study.

The aim of this pilot study was to systematically assess the influence of bilateral, sine wave ECT on autobiographical memory of past subjective experiences related to melancholia. Twenty-one inpatients who met DSM-III-R criteria for a Major Depressive Episode, Melancholic Type, were included in the study. Twelve patients were treated by ECT (12 treatments), antidepressants and benzodiazepines; the comparison group comprised 9 patients treated by antidepressants and benzodiazepines. The Structured Interview Guide for the HDRS (SIGH-D) was used at admission and after the ECT treatment to standardize data collection about subjective experiences related to the depressive episode. Memory of subjective experiences related to melancholia was assessed with free-recall, cued-recall and recognition tasks. In addition, a free recall of events of the day on which the patients came to the hospital for their treatment was administered. These tasks were administered 1 week after the last treatment in the ECT-treated group and 4 to 6 weeks after the beginning of the treatment in the comparison group. Free-recall, cued-recall and recognition performances were significantly lower in the ECT-treated group than in the comparison group. No significant correlation was found between memory of events related to hospital admission and memory of subjective experiences related to depression. In conclusion, bilateral, sine wave ECT impairs autobiographical memory of subjective experiences related to melancholia in subjects tested 1 week after completion of a course of ECT.

Amitriptyline↗
PubMed1996

Effects of lorazepam and diazepam on conscious and automatic memory processes.

Recent studies exploring benzodiazepine memory effects have used the distinction between explicit and implicit tasks. There is now increasing evidence that implicit tasks can be "contaminated" by conscious uses of memory and that unconscious (automatic) use of memory can contaminate explicit tasks, leading to mistaken estimates of their respective influences on memory performance. The aim of the present double-blind, double-placebo study was to assess the memory effects of diazepam and lorazepam using a process-dissociation procedure in a stem-completion task, this procedure providing uncontaminated estimates of conscious and automatic memory processes. The memory task was administrated to 60 healthy volunteers randomly assigned to one of three parallel groups (placebo, diazepam 0.3 mg/kg, lorazepam 0.038 mg/kg). Lorazepam markedly reduced conscious as well as automatic influences of memory. Diazepam also reduced conscious uses of memory, albeit to a lesser extent than lorazepam, but did not decrease the influence of automatic memory. Secondary analyses showed that when the deleterious effect on conscious uses of memory was equated between a diazepam subgroup and the lorazepam group, only lorazepam impaired the automatic use of memory. This study strongly suggests a qualitative difference in the memory effects of the two benzodiazepines. It has some implications regarding the relationships between states of consciousness and memory processes.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Patients with schizophrenia remember that an event has occurred, but not when.

BACKGROUND: The context memory deficit hypothesis of schizophrenia postulates that the long-term deficit associated with this disorder is related to a memory impairment for contextual information. METHOD: To test this hypothesis, memory for temporal context was assessed in 33 patients with schizophrenia and 33 normal subjects, using a recency discrimination task. RESULTS: Whereas patients were able to recall and recognise target items, they were unable to recognise from among the target items those which had been most recently learned. CONCLUSIONS: Schizophrenia is associated with a temporal context memory deficit.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Affective valence of words, explicit and implicit memory in clinical depression.

Explicit and implicit memory for affectively valenced words (positive, negative or neutral) were investigated in 30 patients suffering from a major depressive episode (DSM-III-R criteria) and 30 normal control subjects. Explicit memory was assessed with a free-recall and a recognition task and implicit memory with a word-stem completion task. Depressed and control subjects recalled more emotional, i.e., positive and negative, words than neutral ones. They recognized less negative than neutral words. In contrast, to recall and recognition performance, word-completion performance was not sensitive to the affective valence of words: depressed and control subjects exhibited equivalent priming of positive, negative and neutral words. These results indicate that, in depressed and normal subjects, the affective valence of words influences memory when conscious, intentional recollection is required but is devoid of effect when such a recollection is not required.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Time course of the effects of diazepam and lorazepam on perceptual priming and explicit memory.

The effects of diazepam and lorazepam on explicit memory and perceptual priming were studied 50, 130 and 300 min after drug administration. Sixty healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to one of five parallel groups (placebo, diazepam 0.2 or 0.3 mg/kg, lorazepam 0.026 or 0.038 mg/kg). The corresponding doses of benzodiazepines exerted a similar negative effect on explicit performance. Lorazepam markedly impaired priming performance, whereas the effect of diazepam was intermediate between that of placebo and that of lorazepam 0.038 mg/kg. The impairment was maximal at the theoretical peak plasma concentration. Contamination by explicit memory could account for the decrease in priming performance observed in the diazepam groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Impairment of recognition memory with, but not without, conscious recollection in schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that there is a link between the memory deficit associated with schizophrenia and an impairment of consciousness, an experiential approach was used to assess recognition memory and awareness in schizophrenic patients and normal subjects. METHOD: On a recognition memory task with low- and high-frequency words, the schizophrenic (N = 30) and normal (N = 30) subjects gave "remember" responses to recognized items that were accompanied by conscious recollection and "know" responses to items that were recognized on the basis of familiarity without any recollective experience. RESULTS: Schizophrenia selectively impaired recognition based on recollective experience, as measured by "remember" responses, but had no effects on "know" responses. In the comparison group, low-frequency words, relative to high-frequency words, enhanced conscious recollection but not familiarity. The schizophrenic patients did not display the same word-frequency effect. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that schizophrenia affects differentially two means of access to the personal past: it impairs recognition memory with, but not without, conscious recollection. They suggest that the impairment of conscious recollection observed in schizophrenic patients could be due to a failure of elaborative processing of information.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Lorazepam and diazepam effects on memory acquisition in priming tasks.

Unlike diazepam, lorazepam has repeatedly been shown to impair perceptual priming as well as explicit memory. To determine whether this deleterious effect was due to an impairment in acquisition of information, 60 healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to five treatment groups (placebo, lorazepam 0.026 or 0.038 mg/kg, diazepam 0.2 or 0.3 mg/kg) and successively performed perceptual priming tasks and a free-recall task. Priming performance on information learned before or 2 h after drug administration, i.e. at the peak concentration of lorazepam, was assessed under the influence of the drugs, using a picture-fragment and a word-stem completion task. Free-recall performance was altered by both drugs. Lorazepam decreased priming performance when information was acquired after, but not before, drug administration, indicating that the drug alters the acquisition of information. Lorazepam also impaired the ability to identify fragmented pictures, but there was no evidence that this perceptual effect accounts for the priming impairment. Surprisingly, diazepam also decreased priming when information was acquired after drug administration, suggesting that, at least in certain circumstances, the two benzodiazepines may exert similar effects on priming measures.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Eating behaviour and depression before and after antidepressant treatment: a prospective, naturalistic study.

Eating behaviour of severely depressed patients was assessed before (n = 56), after acute (n = 46) and during maintenance (n = 35) treatment and compared to matched normal controls in order to investigate the behavioural mechanisms underlying the weight gain induced by antidepressants. Assessments included food intake, appetite and food preferences. Before treatment, there was a decrease in appetite and in food intake with a relative excess of carbohydrates and a preference for sweets. Maintenance treatment was associated with substantial weight gain. All differences in eating behaviour between patients and controls disappeared, with the exception of a decrease in appetite in a subgroup of less-improved patients. These results suggest that antidepressant treatment induces weight gain by mechanisms that are largely independent of their action on mood.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Explicit memory, repetition priming and cognitive skill learning in schizophrenia.

Explicit memory and two forms of implicit memory, repetition priming and cognitive skill learning, were examined in twenty-four schizophrenic patients and twenty-four normal control subjects previously matched for sex, age, and educational level. Two explicit tasks, free recall and frequency monitoring, and two implicit tasks, word completion and the Tower of Toronto puzzle, a variant of the Tower of Hanoi puzzle, were selected. The performance of schizophrenic patients was impaired in both explicit tasks, whereas repetition priming was intact; in the Tower of Toronto puzzle, a deficit was observed in problem solving, but not in skill learning. This dissociation between explicit and implicit memory is not entirely consistent with the hypothesis of a deficiency in effort-demanding information processing. It could be better accommodated by a model of a disturbance in the internal representation of context.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The loss of appetite during depression with melancholia: a qualitative and quantitative analysis.

The loss of appetite occurring severe depression was investigated with an experimental method comparing the eating behaviour of 12 melancholic inpatients to 12 matched normal controls. Food intake and appetite, divided into more basic components such as desire to eat, hunger, satiety, prospective food consumption and pleasure from eating, were monitored during a test meal. Patients ate less than controls, but the difference was not significant. The pattern resulting from the temporal tracking of the appetite ratings indicated that patients were disturbed at the beginning of the meal and showed a decreased desire to eat, hunger and prospective food consumption and an increased satiety and that their pleasure from eating was diminished. These findings suggest that the loss of appetite induced by melancholia follows a specific pattern.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Effects of chlorpromazine and lorazepam on explicit memory, repetition priming and cognitive skill learning in healthy volunteers.

To assess the influence of neuroleptics on explicit memory and two forms of implicit memory, repetition priming and cognitive skill learning, the effects of two low doses of chlorpromazine (12.5 and 25 mg orally) were contrasted to those of lorazepam (2.5 mg orally) and of a placebo using a free-recall task, a word-completion task and repeated testing on the Tower of Toronto puzzle, a version of the Tower of Hanoi puzzle. Seventy-two healthy volunteers took part in this double-blind study. Chlorpromazine spared free-recall and word-completion performance, but impaired the acquisition of a cognitive routine in the subjects who completed the first trials of the Tower of Toronto puzzle efficiently. Lorazepam induced an opposite pattern of memory disruption. These preliminary results suggest that chlorpromazine and lorazepam induced a double dissociation between priming and the acquisition of a cognitive routine. They provide evidence that the two forms of implicit memory rely upon distinct neurochemical systems, the latter, but not the former, being dependent upon dopaminergic systems.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Differential effects of diazepam and lorazepam on repetition priming in healthy volunteers.

The effects of two benzodiazepines, diazepam (15 or 20 mg orally) and lorazepam (1.75 or 2.5 mg orally), and a placebo on explicit memory, lexical priming and perceptual priming were assessed using a free-recall, a word-completion and a picture-completion test. The picture-completion test included two different study conditions intended to manipulate the magnitude of the priming effect. Sixty healthy volunteers took part in this double-blind study. Free-recall performances were altered by both drugs. Lorazepam impaired word-completion and picture-completion performance, whereas diazepam only exhibited a deleterious effect on the more sensitive of the two measures of the picture-completion test. These results indicate that the two benzodiazepines have differential amnestic effects. It is suggested that these differential effects could be accounted for by a different cortical distribution of the two benzodiazepines.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Explicit memory and repetition priming in depression. Preliminary findings.

Explicit memory and repetition priming, a form of implicit memory, were examined in depressed patients and controls. Explicit memory of depressed patients was severely impaired, whereas repetition priming was intact. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the impairment of memory in depression is linked to a failure of effort-demanding cognitive processes. Repetition priming might be useful in differentiating between depression and dementia.

Dementia↗
PubMed1990

Effects of scopolamine, trimipramine and diazepam on explicit memory and repetition priming in healthy volunteers.

The effects of scopolamine, an anticholinergic drug, of trimipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant with both anticholinergic and sedative properties, of diazepam and a placebo, on explicit memory and repetition priming were assessed using a free-recall task and a word-stem completion task. Forty-eight healthy volunteers took part in this double-blind study. Diazepam provoked a dissociation between free recall, which was profoundly impaired, and word completion, which was spared. No significant changes in memory performances were observed in the scopolamine group; however, a significant correlation between explicit and implicit memory performances was observed in this group. At the low dose used, the effects of trimipramine on memory were mild. The results suggest that the cholinergic system is involved in the priming effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Diazepam induces a dissociation between explicit and implicit memory.

The effects of 0.2 mg/kg orally administered diazepam and of a placebo on explicit memory, implicit and knowledge memory were assessed using a free recall task, a word-stem completion task and two category-generation tasks. Twenty four healthy volunteers took part in this double-blind study. Diazepam impaired explicit but not implicit memory. The drug also spared knowledge memory. Explicit memory was linked with the diazepam-induced sedation and with the self-rated affective load of to-be remembered words, but implicit memory was not. The diazepam-induced dissociation between explicit and implicit memory supports the notion of two distinct forms of memory and reproduced the dissociation observed in organic amnesia.

Adult↗