Repressive control of potassium transport in Escherichia coli.
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Bacterial Proteins↗
Biomedical subjects
D Goldman
Publications and source records attributed to D Goldman.
Alcoholism and substance abuse among selected southern Cheyenne Indians.
This family and small community-based study reports the occurrence of alcoholism and co-occurring substance abuse in Southern Cheyenne Indians living in western Oklahoma. Sociocultural factors complicate operationalization of clinical data into standard (DSM-III-R) psychiatric disorder terminology; understanding sociocultural factors is essential for assessing the high rate of addictive disorders in this group. To obtain reliable and valid clinical diagnoses, data from several sources were utilized within a blind rating system: 1) SADS-L, a clinician-administered research diagnostic instrument; 2) MAST; 3) relatives; 4) medical records; 5) other official documents. The sample consisted of 69 males (45 alcoholics) and 97 females (36 alcoholics). Among clinically significant substance abusers (moderate impairment of function), 22 of 24 were alcoholics. In non-alcoholics, mean MAST scores were 8.8 (males) and 5.1 (females); in alcoholics, 32.0 (males) and 38.7 (females). Mean age of onset on heavy use of alcohol was 20.1 yrs. (males) and 22.8 (females) (p = 0.047); among all alcoholics, 86% (males) and 64% (females) had early onset (< 25 yrs. old). When data from 98 unrelated subjects were analyzed separately, similar findings were observed except that mean age of onset of heavy use of alcohol was more discrepant between males and females, viz. 20.1 versus 22.8 yrs. (p = 0.02). Among those with substance abuse disorders, early age of onset was present in all but one female. In these Cheyenne, alcoholism is usually clinically severe and early in onset; it often co-occurs with substance abuse, also early in onset.
Adolescent↗
Detection of aldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency in Chachi Indians, Ecuador.
The activity of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) was tested by isoelectric focusing of hair root extracts from 50 Chachi Indians (Ecuador). Quality of extracts and the intactness of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzymes were ascertained by assaying of phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in the same extracts. Three of the 39 successfully assayed Chachi Indian samples showed virtual absence of the ALDH2 band on the isoelectropherogram, and the control enzymes were stained normally in these subjects. These data confirm the existence of a mitochondrial ALDH deficiency among South American Indians. The molecular origin of the ALDH2 deficiency in this population is unknown.
Adolescent↗
Apparent monomorphism of ALDH2 in seven American Indian populations.
Deficiency of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) has been previously reported in South American Indians. We therefore assayed five individuals from each of five South American Indian populations (Quechua, Karitiana, Ticuna, Surui, Guahiba), and two North American populations (Maya and Moskoke) for the presence of the Oriental ALDH2(2) variant. These samples were also surveyed for other alleles altering ALDH2 function. Allele-specific amplification assay (ASA) did not detect the ALDH2(2) allele in any of the New World populations studied. The entire coding sequence of the ALDH2 cDNA was enzymatically amplified in partially overlapping fragments. Each fragment was digested using restriction endonucleases and subfragments 148-285 b.p. in length were analyzed by the single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique. No variants were detected within the coding region of the ALDH2 gene in any of the seven American Indian populations. Three potentially correct explanations for these results are suggested. First, an ALDH2 polymorphism is present but undetectable by SSCP; second, none of the studied individuals were ALDH2 negative; third, the polymorphism occurs beyond the coding region of ALDH2 gene.
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase↗
Office management of patients with emotional disorders.
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Family Practice↗
Donor cytokine gene polymorphisms are associated with increased graft loss and dysfunction after transplant.
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Adult↗
Genotype effects on neurodegeneration and neuroadaptation in monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems.
Neuroadaptation and neurodegeneration in central dopaminergic and serotonergic systems are central to vulnerability, process and consequences of addictive behavior. Serotonergic dysfunction has been associated with behavior disinhibition and negative mood states that may predispose to excessive alcohol intake, while alcohol-induced stimulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission may encode the reinforcing properties of alcohol consumption. Chronic alcohol intake induces neuroadaptive reductions in striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) and D2 receptor availability, which were reversible during early abstinence. A polymorphism of the DAT gene (SLC6A3) was associated with the in vivo transporter availability in the putamen of abstinent alcoholics and control subjects. The same genotype was associated with severity of alcohol withdrawal symptoms, hypothetically due to interactions of genotype and alcohol-induced neuroadaptation. Reduction in raphe serotonin transporter (5-HTT) availability was observed in abstinent male alcoholics and it may be the result of neurodegeneration rather than reversible neuroadaptation. Neurotoxic reduction in 5-HTT protein expression seems to be limited to homozygous carriers of a long, more transcriptionally active allele of a promoter repeat polymorphism of the 5-HTT gene (SCL6A4). This genotype was also associated with a low level of acute unpleasant effects of alcohol consumption, a factor predisposing to excessive alcohol intake. The time course of neuroadaptation and recovery of monoaminergic neurotransmission in alcohol intake and withdrawal imply that monoamine transporter genotype could profoundly influence alcohol-induced reinforcement and, perhaps, contribute to neurochemical changes which are long lasting or permanent.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
Does a reduced sensitivity to bitter taste increase the risk of becoming nicotine addicted?
Cigarette smoking appears to be on the increase in adolescents. The initiation of regular smoking nearly always begins before adulthood. It is therefore crucial to find ways of identifying those children most vulnerable to nicotine addiction and prioritizing them for preventive measures. We hypothesized that individuals who, in a simple taste test, perceive phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) as bitter may find the taste of cigarettes aversively bitter and could therefore have a reduced vulnerability to nicotine addiction compared to nontasters, who would be the group at greater risk of addiction. We studied 242 Plains American Indians, 136 women and 106 men aged 18-59 years, and found that (allowing for gender differences and the possible direct effects of smoking on taste) the proportion of PTC nontasters to tasters in smokers, even light smokers, was significantly greater than in both nonsmokers and social smokers (chi2= 15.875, 4 df; P=.003), suggesting that nontasters, who are not aversive to the bitter taste of cigarettes, may be more at risk for heavy smoking and therefore more vulnerable to nicotine addiction.
Adolescent↗
Isolation of a cDNA clone coding for a possible neural nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha-subunit.
We have isolated a complementary DNA clone containing sequences homologous to those encoding the alpha-subunit of a mouse muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Based on the structural similarities between the encoded protein and the muscle acetylcholine receptor alpha-subunit, and the presence of hybridizing RNA species in the brain, we propose that this clone codes for a neural nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha-subunit.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Mu opioid receptor gene variants: lack of association with alcohol dependence.
The mu opioid receptor is implicated in the reward, tolerance and withdrawal effects of alcohol and other drugs of abuse. This hypothesis is supported by the effects of alcohol on beta-endorphin release, of mu opioid receptor agonists and antagonists on alcohol consumption, and by the activation of the dopaminergic reward system by both alcohol and opiates. In addition, the murine mu opioid receptor locus, Oprm, is implicated as the major quantitative trait locus (QTL) affecting the different levels of morphine consumption between two inbred mouse strains that also exhibit differences in alcohol and cocaine consumption. Detection of genetic variation affecting OPRM1 expression or mu opioid receptor function would be an important step towards understanding the origins of inter-individual variation in response to mu opioid receptor ligands and in diseases of substance dependence. We directly sequenced the human mu opioid receptor locus, OPRM1, to detect natural variation that might affect function and/or be associated with psychiatric phenotypes related to opioid function. Four DNA sequence variants were found: three non-synonymous substitutions (Ala6Val [rare], Asn40Asp, [0.10-0.16], Ser147Cys [rare]) and one intronic variant (IVS2+691G/C [0.55-0.63]). OPRM1 alleles, genotypes and haplotypes from three psychiatrically characterized population samples (US Caucasian [USC, n=100], Finnish Caucasian [FC, n=324] and Southwestern American Indian [SAI, n=367]), were used to perform association and sib-pair linkage analyses with alcohol and drug dependence diagnoses. No significant association of OPRM1 genetic variation to phenotype was observed. This analysis has 80% power to detect a small to moderate effect of OPRM1 variation on alcohol dependence and 100% power to detect effects of the magnitude of the ALDH2*2 variant. While these data do not support a role of the mu opioid receptor in susceptibility to alcohol dependence, the potential relationship between OPRM1 genetic variation and response to endogenous opioids and exogenous opiates can now be investigated.
Adult↗
Us vs. them: the minefield of comparative ads.
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Advertising↗
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and its impact on the immune system.
Myelosuppression and immunosuppression are terms that often are used interchangeably, yet they have very different meanings. Myelosuppression, which is caused by many types of cancer treatments (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation therapy), occurs when the body's population of blood cells is lowered. In contrast, immunosuppression occurs when the body's immune function is compromised. Diseases of either the B or T lymphocytes (e.g., lymphoma, multiple myeloma, CLL) alter the normal functioning of the lymphocytes, rendering them unable to mount an immune response. With CLL, B lymphocytes are unable to mature into immunoglobulin-producing plasma cells (delGiglio et al., 1993). Multiple myeloma occurs when the plasma cells become malignant (Mansen et al., 1997). Knowledge of the basic principles of immunology assists nurses in understanding the complexities of the immune system and the effects of common cancer treatments. Patients with CLL require astute assessment of infectious symptoms, comprehensive nursing care and symptom management, and education about the disease and its effects. Hays and McCartney (1998) also noted that the challenges of caring for patients with CLL include patient management in the outpatient setting, quality-of-life issues, and ongoing support because of the chronicity of the disease.
Education, Nursing, Continuing↗
Molecular genetic divergence of orang utan (Pongo pygmaeus) subspecies based on isozyme and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
The orang utan (Pongo pygmaeus), as currently recognized, includes two geographically separated subspecies: Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus, which resides on Borneo, and P. p. abelii, which inhabits Sumatra. At present, there is no known route of gene flow between the two populations except through captive individuals which have been released back into the wild over the last several decades. The two subspecies are differentiated by morphological and behavioral characters, and they can be distinguished by a subspecies specific pericentric chromosomal inversion. Nei-genetic distances were estimated between orang utan subspecies, gorilla, chimpanzee and humans using 44 isozyme loci and using 458 soluble fibroblast proteins which were resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Phenetic analysis of both data sets supports the following conclusions: the orang utan subspecies distances are approximately 10 times closer to each other than they are to the African apes, and the orang utan subspecies are approximately as divergent as are the two chimpanzee species. Comparison of the genetic distances to genetic distance estimates done in the same laboratory under identical conditions reveals that the distance between Bornean vs. Sumatran orang utans is 5-10 times the distance measured between several pairs of subspecies including lions, cheetahs, and tigers. Near species level molecular genetic distances between orang utan subspecies would support the separate management of Bornean and Sumatran orang utans as evolutionary significant units (Ryder 1987). Evolutionary topologies were constructed from the distance data using both cladistic and phenetic methods. The majority of resulting trees affirmed previous molecular evolutionary studies that indicated that man and chimpanzee diverged from a common ancestor subsequent to the divergence of gorilla from the common ancestor.
Animals↗
Why a peer intervention program for Mexican-American women failed to modify the secular trend in cancer screening.
INTRODUCTION: We evaluated an intervention program for Mexican-American women to increase Pap smear and mammography screening. METHODS: The three-year intervention included the presentation of role models in the media and reinforcement by peer volunteers. We used a two-community (intervention and comparison) pre-post test design. Activities were targeted to a mainly Spanish-speaking, poverty-level, immigrant population. Pre- and postintervention screening rates were based on independent random samples of Mexican-American women 40 years and older. RESULTS: Women reported a 6% absolute increase in Pap smear use similar to the 7% increase in the comparison community. Both communities experienced large but similar increases in recent mammography use (17% and 19%). Adjusting for differences in demographic factors, intervention and comparison changes remained identical. CONCLUSIONS: Our peer intervention failed to accelerate the secular trend in cancer screening low-income Mexican-American women. Likely, promotional activities were too diffuse and the comparison community was contaminated with similar interventions. Strong social and market forces make it difficult to measure the effect of a specialized intervention on cancer screening rates.
Adult↗