Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

D Gendrel

Publications and source records attributed to D Gendrel.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

[Use of a fermented powdered milk in malnourished or lactose intolerant children].

Lactase deficient subjects, who form the bulk of the world population, absorb yogurt lactose because the bacteria used for fermentation produce beta-galactosidase. From a milk fermented by these bacteria and dried by a temperature-controlled process a power could be obtained which possess residual lactase activity but, unlike yogurt, does not need storage at low temperature. The lactose of this fermented powdered milk is perfectly absorbed, as proved by hydrogen respiratory tests performed in 35 lactose intolerant African subjects living in isolated villages. In 25 malnourished children under 3 years of age, this milk allowed renutrition without inducing diarrhoea--a result which could not have been obtained with ordinary milk in two-thirds of the cases. This type of food is potentially valuable to feed the large population of the third world.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Placental transfer of tetanus antibodies and protection of the newborn.

The aim of the study was to compare the placental transfer of tetanus toxoid antibodies (TTAB) and total IgG in Africa, where we had previously demonstrated a lack of transmission from mother to the newborn of measles antibodies. Two series of mother-child pairs, 45 in Paris and 134 in Libreville, Gabon, Central Africa, were measured after full-term pregnancies and normal deliveries. Means of ratios of cord/mother concentrations for TT AB and IgG were, respectively, 2.52 and 1.28 in Paris and 0.98 and 0.82 in Gabon. In 11 pairs from Libreville no TT AB were found in mother and cord blood, but in four other African newborns (3 per cent), the mother transmitted TT AB which were lower than protective level against tetanus. Other data (negative correlation between mother IgG and cord/mother ratio of corresponding TT AB concentrations, and better transmission of TT AB in the low range of maternal IgG) indicate that the limitation of active placental transfer of antibodies is related to the high maternal IgG level common in Africa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Feeding lactose-intolerant children with a powdered fermented milk.

Fresh yogurt has been proposed as a milk substitute for lactase-deficient patients. We investigated the possibility that a dried, low-fat milk fermented by yogurt microorganisms would be effective. Processing of a fermented milk by spray-drying led to a powder with persistence of lactase activity (11.7 units/g) without storage at 4 degrees C and stable at room temperature (20-23 degrees C). The tolerance and absorption of 10.5 g of lactose in a volume of 150 ml was studied in 25 Gabonese lactase-deficient children aged 5-14 years in the form of a standard humanized milk formula followed 1 week later by the powdered fermented milk formula. Results of the breath hydrogen test showed that in 24 of 25 cases, lactose absorption was normal with a maximal rise of hydrogen over baseline of under 13 ppm after ingestion of the powdered fermented milk. The rise was above 20 ppm in the 25 children with the same load of lactose in the form of the standard formula and one-third had symptoms of lactose intolerance. This powdered fermented milk preparation should be considered as a valid approach in programs of nutritional support targeted to countries with a high prevalence of lactase deficiency.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Intestinal parasites and lactose malabsorption].

Breath-test was performed for diagnosis of lactose malabsorption in 50 Gabonese children of normal nutritional status, aged 5 to 15 years, with parasites in stools, but without diarrhoea or digestive symptoms. Control group was unparasitized and consisted of 17 children and 18 young adults living in the same area. Parasites discovered by stool examination were Ascaris lumbricoides in 76% of parasitized children, Trichuris trichiura in 58%, Giardia in 24%, Entamoeba histolytica in 20%, Schistosoma intercalatum in 16% and Necator Americanus in 14%. Children were given a 10 g lactose load and adults 20 g. Lactose malabsorption was discovered in 64% of parasitized patients and in 63% of unparasitized. Ten of 12 (83.3%) of Giardia infected children had a lactose malabsorption (no significant difference). These data show that decrease of lactase activity in African children is not related to the presence or to the importance of intestinal parasitism, except for Giardia infestation, if nutritional status is normal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Placental transfer of tetanus antibodies and protection of newborn infants].

Total IgG and tetanus antibodies were evaluated in 2 series of mother-child pairs: 50 in Paris and 134 in Africa. All pregnancies had been normal and birth weights greater than 3 kg. Cord blood mothers tetanus antibodies ratios were 1.5 in Paris and 0.98 in Libreville (p less than 0.01) respectively. Some African children were not protected, either due to the lack of response of their mothers to immunization (2.2%) or to an insufficient antibodies transplacental transport (2.9%), or to the lack of immunization of mothers (5.9%). On the contrary, all European children were protected, in spite of low maternal antibody levels. Likewise, in Paris cord blood IgG level was 12.24 g/l vs 9.42 in mothers (cord blood/mother ratio: 1.34) and in Africa 18.4 g/l in cord blood and 22.3 g/l in mothers (cord blood/mother ratio: 0.88; p less than 0.01). The correlations between maternal IgG levels and placental transfer rates indicate that the transplacental active transfer is limited by common high IgG levels in Africa, thus contributing to a decrease in protection of neonates, especially against tetanus in which humoral responses predominate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Specific serologic reactions in the cerebrospinal fluid in congenital syphilis and therapeutic implications].

In a study carried out in Gabon, antibodies against the treponema were looked for in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 13 children with active congenital syphilis (presence of specific IgM antibodies) and in 7 children with positive serologic reactions reflecting transplacental passage of maternal antibodies. Serologic reactions used included the VDRL test, the TPHA test, and the FTA-ABS IgG and IgM tests. Among the 13 children with syphilis, 7 had a positive FTA-ABS IgG test in the CSF; positivity of this test was not correlated with severity of clinical features, CSF protein levels or CSF cytologic findings. The TPHA test was positive in only four children and the VDRL test was consistently negative. These findings are similar to those reported in another group of patients with meningeal involvement proven by the demonstration of IgM in the CSF using recent techniques. Passage of antibodies into the CSF is possible (1 case in this study) but for safety patients with specific IgG in the CSF should be given penicillin in a dosage that provides treponema-killing levels in situ (100,000 U/kg/d). Use of this dosage is recommended whenever sensitive techniques for CSF analysis are not available.

Female↗
PubMed1990

[Rigid tube bronchoscopy in tuberculous children. Apropos of 24 cases].

We report the preliminary results of a study in children with tuberculosis. Rigid tube bronchoscopy provided diagnostic information in 79% of cases and allowed a few therapeutic procedures including aspiration of secretions and removal of inflammatory granulomas. We found that the most common lesion is bronchial compression. Rigid tube bronchoscopy is acceptably comfortable under general anesthesia and provides valuable results.

Bronchoscopes↗
PubMed1990

[Interaction of cholestyramine and chloroquine].

The plasma levels of chloroquine after an oral intake of 10 mg/kg were measured in 5 children, with or without simultaneous intake of cholestyramine. Plasma chloroquine levels measured 6 hours after intake were significantly lower in case of simultaneous administration of cholestyramine, in spite of important individual changes. These data suggest a decrease in chloroquine bioavailability in the presence of cholestyramine. However, the methodology used does not allow to assert it.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Milk lactose malabsorption in Gabon measured by the breath hydrogen test.

It is usual to consider that the greatest part of the black African population is lactose intolerant. Also, milk lactose malabsorption was studied by a breath hydrogen technique in 87 Gabonese children and 20 Gabonese adults (central Africa). The prevalence of malabsorption was 64.2% in rural schoolchildren, 65% in the urban hospitalized, and 60% in adults. Twelve children and six adults had clinical symptoms after a lactose load. All subjects were Bantus, with no tradition of consuming dairy products. These data must be considered in programs of nutritional support in Africa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Hepatotoxicity of the combination of isoniazid-rifampicin in African children. Role of malnutrition and HB virus].

Forty-seven Gabonese children with tuberculosis either limited to the lung or associated with other localizations were treated with isoniazid-rifampin (INH + RIF). They had liver tests done during the first 6 months of treatment. In 30 patients (63.8%) there was an increase in aminotransferase levels [over 100 UI/l in 14 (29.2%)]. The main factors increasing the risk of hepatic toxicity was a high dosage of INH and overall malnutrition. In fact, the weights of patients presenting with signs of hepatic toxicity were significantly lower than those in children who had no alterations of liver function. 68% of the severely malnourished (marasmus of kwashiorkor) presented with high ALAT or ASAT levels during treatment. The eventual role of the chronic HBV carrier state is discussed as 2 children presented with a chronic form of hepatitis at the time the treatment was initiated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[Transfer of measles immunoglobulins and antibodies from mother to child in Africa and Europe].

In a series of 50 mother-child pairs from Paris the titers of measles antibodies in cord blood were 1.4 times higher that those measured in the mother's blood, but this ratio was only 0.92 in 116 African mother-child pairs from Libreville (Gabon). Similarly, the ratio of immunoglobulin G levels in cord blood to those of the mother's blood was higher in Paris (1.34) than in Libreville (0.88). This limitation in active transfer of total of specific immunoglobulins is due to their high levels usual in African mothers, and this is not without repercussions on the immune defence mechanisms of African newborns.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Endocrine and immunological findings in cryptorchid infants.

In cryptorchid infants, significantly decreased mean levels of plasma testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) were found between the ages of 30 and 120 days. The levels of testosterone and LH were significantly correlated. No significant difference was found between infants with bilateral or unilateral cryptorchidism. After 120 days there was no longer any significant difference between cryptorchid infants and controls. No significant change in plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was found. These data suggest that subnormal secretion of LH could be the primary abnormality in a proportion of boys with so-called common cryptorchidism. Our studies using LH-releasing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation tests in older infants and children agree with the data obtained by measurement of basal plasma hormone levels during the first months of life. Anti-gonadotroph antibodies were found in the sera of approximately 50% of the cryptorchid children and infants studied, using an immunofluorescence technique. A study of 17 mothers and their infants gave concordant results in 16 pairs, 9 with and 7 without antibodies. This lead us to speculate on the possible role of maternal autoantibodies as a cause of partial gonadotrophin deficiency in the perinatal period and thus of testicular maldescent. As cryptorchidism is a syndrome, these findings do not mean that a similar mechanism is operative in all cases. However, these data do suggest that alternatives to the classical anatomical view of the descent and nondescent of the testes should be considered.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

The pituitary-gonadal axis in cryptorchid infants and children.

We have attempted to document in cryptorchid children that there is an LH deficiency and a secondary deficiency of testosterone. We have shown a diminished LH peak after LH-RH in cryptorchid versus normal infants (P less than 0.05). The postnatal surge of testosterone is significantly low (P less than 0.001) in permanent cryptorchids versus infants with secondary testicular descent, whose levels are similar to those in controls. In permanent cryptorchids during the same period (0-4 months), LH and testosterone levels were significantly lower (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.05 respectively) than in infants with secondary descent, and the levels of testosterone and LH were correlated in both populations. In children, a low basal level of LH was observed at pubertal stage P2, and LH peak after LH-RH was significantly reduced at stages P1 and P2 (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.05 respectively). The post-stimulatory levels of testosterone after hCG were reduced at the same stages (P less than 0.01, P less than 0,05), and the two levels were correlated (P less than 0.01). No differences are seen for LH and testosterone afterwards. It has been possible to show by immunofluorescence on pituitary cells the occurrence of antigonadotropin cell antibodies (AGCA) in more than 50% of our patients, with no relation to age and no correlations between endocrinological data and the presence or absence of AGCA. The relatively low success rate of hCG treatment, mainly in young children, and of GnRH irrespective of the regimen of treatment, does not exclude the role of primary LH deficiency in cryptorchidism.

Child↗