Psychology of group opinion.
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Decision Making↗
Biomedical subjects
D Fife
Publications and source records attributed to D Fife.
The action of a binary nonionic detergent on a kidney membrane fraction.
The disruption of a kidney cortex microsomal membrane preparation by a binary, nonionic detergent, was followed by using as markers, the changes in total protein content, and (Na+, K+)-ATPase in a supernatant fraction. Both markers responded similarly to changes in pH, microsome concentration and detergent concentration, but responded differently for time-dependent studies. The (Na+, K+)-ATPase activity was increased 2.2-fold (76.1 mumoles Pi/mg protein/h, 95% ouabain-sensitive) by a single detergent treatment and 3.5-fold (92% ouabain-sensitive) by a sequential detergent treatment. Changes in the critical micelle concentration (cmc) were observed for varying detergent and protein concentrations, which suggest interactions of monomeric detergent with the membrane. The peak of (Na+, K+)-ATPase activity occurred above the cmc which suggests the participation of micelles in releasing the enzyme from the membranes. Hill plots of the protein released as the detergent concentration was varied showed a change in the slope near the cmc indicating a four-fold increase in the binding of detergent to membranes as the detergent concentration is increased above the cmc. These results suggest that the disruption of membranes by detergent involves the binding of detergent monomers to the membrane followed by the formation of co-micelles of the detergent with segments of the membrane to complete the separation process.
Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
Noise and hospital stay.
Length of hospital stay for simple cataract surgery was compared retrospectively for a period of construction noise and for two similar periods without construction noise. Hospital stay was significantly longer during the period of construction.
Aged↗
Letter: On the significance of statistical significance.
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Administration, Oral↗
Anatomic location of spinal cord injury. Relationship to the cause of injury.
In a population based sample, 550 of 619 people with fatal and nonfatal spinal cord injuries were classified according to the cause of injury and according to the anatomic location of the highest spinal cord injury. Motor vehicle occupants accounted for 42% of the people with spinal cord injuries. Sixty percent of those injured had a cervical cord injury, 25% a thoracic cord injury, and 15% a lumbosacral cord injury. The specific anatomic locations most commonly injured were at C1 (12% of all spinal cord injuries), C6 (9%), and L2 (5%). The anatomic site of injury was significantly (P less than 0.001) related to the cause of injury. Thirty-seven percent of the spinal cord injuries from firearms and 97% of those from diving were located in the cervical cord. In contrast, 68% of spinal cord injuries to motor vehicle occupants were cervical; 17% at C1. The distribution of injuries among drivers was similar to that among other occupants.
Accidents, Traffic↗
Shanxi Province cervical cancer screening study II: self-sampling for high-risk human papillomavirus compared to direct sampling for human papillomavirus and liquid based cervical cytology.
The objective of this study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of a new method for self-sampling for high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) with direct sampling and liquid based cervical cytology. In Shanxi Province, China, 8,497 women (ages 27-56) underwent a self-sample for HPV using a conical-shaped brush placed into the upper vagina and rotated. Three to sixteen months later the women were screened with liquid-based cytology and direct HPV tests. Subjects with any abnormal test underwent colposcopy and multiple biopsies. Mean age was 40.9 years. 4.4 percent of subjects had >or=CIN II, 26% a positive self-sample and 24% a positive direct test for HPV. The sensitivity for detection of >or=CIN II was 87.5% for self-sampling, and 96.8% for the direct test (P < 0.001). The specificity was 77.2% for the self-sample and 79.7% for the direct test. With an abnormal Pap defined as ASCUS or greater the sensitivity of the Pap for the detection of >CIN II was 88.3% and the specificity was 81.2%. We conclude that self-sampling for HPV is less sensitive for >CIN II than the direct test, but similar to liquid based cytology.
Adult↗
Fatal and nonfatal immersion injuries among New Jersey residents.
We identified immersion injuries of New Jersey residents from mortality and hospital discharge data. The incidence rate was 2.3 immersion injuries (1.3 fatal and 1.0 nonfatal) per 100,000 population per year. Incidence rates were elevated among young children, men, blacks, and residents of counties in the southern part of the state. Case fatality ratios increased with age and were higher for men than for women from 10 to 50 years of age.
Adolescent↗
Cumulative AIDS incidence and altered pneumonia mortality.
We grouped New Jersey residents according to age, sex, race, and residence-specific cumulative incidence of AIDS since the onset of the AIDS epidemic: less than 15, 15-99, 100-499, and greater than or equal to 500 cases per 100,000 people, respectively. We determined mortality from bacterial and viral pneumonias (International Classification of Diseases [ICD] 480.0-486.9) from underlying cause of death files. Between 1980 and 1986, pneumonia mortality increased from 15.1 deaths per 100,000 per year (95% confidence interval [CI] 10.4, 19.7) to 25.0 deaths per 100,000 per year (95% CI 19.2, 30.8), an increase of 10.0 deaths per 100,000 per year (95% CI 2.6, 17.3), among those 25-44 years of age in the highest cumulative incidence group for AIDS. Increases in other population subgroups were approximately proportional to each subgroup's AIDS cumulative incidence. In particular, pneumonia mortality did not increase among those 25-44 years of age in groups with low cumulative incidence of AIDS. Deficiency of cell-mediated immunity, a diagnosis commonly applied in AIDS cases, was listed as a secondary diagnosis in 14% of the pneumonia deaths of persons 25-44 years of age in 1986 and in none of those in 1980.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
AIDS and changing patterns of mortality.
We compared changes in all-causes mortality rates, 1986 versus 1980, among members 25 to 44 years of age of demographically defined groups with high AIDS cumulative incidence to the changes among same-age, same-sex members of groups with low AIDS cumulative incidence. Among nonwhite men ages 25-44 residing in northeastern New Jersey (NJ) counties, AIDS cumulative incidence was 1,409 cases per 100,000; all-causes mortality was 413.8 deaths per 100,000 per year in 1980 and increased 74% to 726.6 deaths per 100,000 per year by 1986. In contrast, among white men ages 25-44 residing in other NJ counties, AIDS cumulative incidence was 75 cases per 100,000; all-causes mortality fell slightly from 192.6 deaths per 100,000 per year in 1980 to 189.2 deaths per 100,000 per year in 1986. Among nonwhite women ages 25-44 residing in northeastern NJ counties, AIDS cumulative incidence was 435 cases per 100,000; all-causes mortality was 162.07 deaths per 100,000 per year in 1980 and increased 70% to 276.3 deaths per 100,000 per year by 1986. Among white women ages 25-44 residing in other NJ counties, AIDS cumulative incidence was 9.1 cases per 100,000; all-causes mortality was 90.5 deaths per 100,000 per year in 1980 and fell slightly to 83.0 deaths per 100,000 per year in 1986. A substantial portion of the increased mortality of the groups with high AIDS cumulative incidence resulted from causes that have not been associated with HIV infection.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Microcomputer method to extract subfiles from statewide multiple cause of death files.
A simple microcomputer system has been developed using off-the-shelf components. The system permits local access, in an acceptable time frame, to several years of New Jersey multiple cause of death data (approximately 70,000 records per calendar year). This report describes the system, including hardware, software, data storage space requirements, speed of data access, and the effect of abbreviating the list of diagnoses. Prospects for extension of such a system to larger data bases are discussed.
Cause of Death↗
Nursing home residency after head injury.
A survey of 93 nursing homes in and near Rhode Island in May 1982 identified all head-injured patients who were State residents. Nineteen were identified, of whom ten were injured in motor vehicle crashes. The median age was 35 years. The median time since injury was 3 years and increased with age. The prevalence of such patients was 2 per 100,000 population. Except for a recent survey by the Connecticut Department of Health, little is known about the prevalence or duration of nursing home residency after head injury. To obtain such data, nursing homes in and near Rhode Island were surveyed for State residents who were patients because of head injury.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Limitations of AIDS reporting under favorable circumstances.
To assess completeness of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) reporting by a consortium of Philadelphia physicians, we compared the consortium's patient data base to AIDS case reports received by the Philadelphia Department of Public Health (PDPH). Several circumstances favored better than ordinary reporting. Consortium physicians were highly motivated, specialized in the care of patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease, had worked with PDPH physicians for years, and knew beforehand about the plan to compare data bases. Of 295 patients in the consortium data base diagnosed with AIDS at least nine months prior to this study, 267 (90.5%) had been reported to the PDPH and 28 (9.5%) had not. Only two of the missed reports were deliberately withheld, each in response to the patient's request. Reporting completeness increased with the time elapsed since diagnosis, varied by practice from 70% to 100%, and was unrelated to patient demographic, insurance status, or occupational characteristics. AIDS reporting for patients in health care occupations (11/13 = 85% reported) was not significantly different from reporting for patients in other occupations (256/282 = 91% reported). We conclude that, under conditions favorable to reporting, approximately 10% of AIDS patients are not reported; the only patient characteristic that predicts reporting is the time elapsed since diagnosis; and nearly all reporting failures are inadvertent.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
The risk of seizures associated with tramadol.
We conducted a study of the risk of idiopathic incident seizures among users of tramadol derived from data present in the General Practice Research Database based in the United Kingdom for 1994-1996. We used a nested case-control study design, comparing risks of idiopathic incident seizures during exposed and unexposed times among patients who had ever taken tramadol using a 90-day follow-up. Among the 10,916 subjects, we identified 17 cases of idiopathic seizures, 11 of which were definite and 6 possible. None of the patients was exposed to tramadol alone in the prior 90 days. Eight patients were exposed to opiates, five to both tramadol and opiates, three to other analgesics, and one to no analgesics. We found no increased risk of idiopathic incident seizures associated with exposure to tramadol alone. Thus seizures seem rarely attributable to the agent.
Adolescent↗