Perineal cleansing does not reduce contamination of urine samples from pregnant adolescents.
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Adolescent↗
Biomedical subjects
D E Smith
Publications and source records attributed to D E Smith.
Longitudinal changes in adiposity associated with pregnancy. The CARDIA Study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the longitudinal associations between a pregnancy and persistent changes in adiposity in young black and white women. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study with 5 years of follow-up. SETTING: Participants recruited by community-based sampling (Birmingham, Ala; Chicago, Ill; and Minneapolis, Minn) and through the membership of a large prepaid health care plan (Oakland, Calif). PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2788 women (53% black) aged 18 through 30 years were assessed at baseline (1985 through 1986) and reassessed at examination 2 (91% retention; 1987 through 1988) and examination 3 (86% retention; 1990 through 1991). Women who remained nulliparous (n = 925) during the 5-year follow-up were compared with women who had a single pregnancy of 28 weeks' duration during that period and who were at least 12 months postpartum at follow-up (primiparas, n = 89; multiparas, n = 114). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Change in body weight and in waist-to-hip ratio during the 5-year period. Analyses were adjusted for demographic factors (age and education), behavioral variables (smoking and physical activity), and baseline level of adiposity. RESULTS: Primiparas within both race groups gained 2 to 3 kg more weight during the 5-year period than did nulliparas in both adjusted and unadjusted analyses. Primiparas also had greater increases in waist-to-hip ratio that were independent of weight gain. Multiparas did not differ from nulliparas in adiposity change in either race group. At each level of parity, black women demonstrated greater adverse changes in adiposity than did white women. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that women experience modest but adverse increases in body weight and fat distribution after a first pregnancy and that these changes are persistent.
Adipose Tissue↗
Direct observation of tube-like motion of a single polymer chain.
Tube-like motion of a single, fluorescently labeled molecule of DNA in an entangled solution of unlabeled lambda-phage DNA molecules was observed by fluorescence microscopy. One end of a 16- to 100-micrometer-long DNA was attached to a 1-micrometer bead and moved with optical tweezers. The molecule was stretched into various conformations having bends, kinks, and loops. As the polymer relaxed, it closely followed a path defined by its initial contour. The relaxation time of the disturbance caused by the bead was roughly 1 second, whereas tube-like motion in small loops persisted for longer than 2 minutes. Tube deformation, constraint release, and excess chain segment diffusion were also observed. These observations provide direct evidence for several key assumptions in the reptation model developed by de Gennes, Edwards, and Doi.
Bacteriophage lambda↗
Relaxation of a single DNA molecule observed by optical microscopy.
Single molecules of DNA, visualized in video fluorescence microscopy, were stretched to full extension in a flow, and their relaxation was measured when the flow stopped. The molecules, attached by one end to a 1-micrometer bead, were manipulated in an aqueous solution with optical tweezers. Inverse Laplace transformations of the relaxation data yielded spectra of decaying exponentials with distinct peaks, and the longest time component (tau) increased with length (L) as tau approximately L 1.68 +/- 0.10. A rescaling analysis showed that most of the relaxation curves had a universal shape and their characteristic times (lambda t) increased as lambda t approximately L 1.65 +/- 0.13. These results are in qualitative agreement with the theoretical prediction of dynamical scaling.
Algorithms↗
The endoscopic approach to the pituitary gland.
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Adenoma↗
The effect of competitive and non-linear plasma protein binding on the stereoselective disposition and metabolic inversion of ibuprofen in healthy subjects.
The stereoselective disposition and metabolic inversion of ibuprofen were studied in 12 healthy subjects under conditions of competitive and non-linear plasma protein binding. Each subject received each of four oral treatments according to a Latin-square design: 300 mg R(-)-ibuprofen, 300 mg S(+)-ibuprofen, 300 mg R(-)(-)+300 mg S(+)-ibuprofen, and 300 mg R(-)(-)+600 mg S(+)-ibuprofen. For a given treatment, the partial clearance of S(+)-ibuprofen was greater than that of R(-)-ibuprofen for all stereoisomeric drug species. Likewise, the unbound partial clearances of S(+)-ibuprofen were greater for most stereoisomeric drug species. There was also less difference among treatment groups when partial clearances were referenced to unbound as opposed to total plasma concentrations of enantiomer. The unbound intrinsic clearance and fractional inversion of R(-)-ibuprofen were unchanged across the four treatments, and chiral inversion was systemic, averaging 69%. In conclusion, stereoselective differences exist for the partial and composite clearances of R(-)- and S(+)-ibuprofen even when corrected for differences in plasma protein binding. However, differences among treatment groups for a particular elimination pathway are largely due to ibuprofen's non-linear binding.
Administration, Oral↗
Associations of body mass and body fat distribution with parity among African-American and Caucasian women: The CARDIA Study.
Associations of parity with body fat and its distribution are poorly understood; therefore, we examined the relationships between parity and obesity in young adult women. Body mass index (BMI), skin-folds, and waist-hip ratio were compared in 1452 African-American and 1268 Caucasian nonpregnant women aged 18 to 30, adjusting for age (where no age-parity interactions were present), education, physical activity (assessed by questionnaire) and fitness (assessed by graded exercise test), dietary fat intake, alcohol and smoking. Adjusted mean BMI was significantly higher in African-American women aged 25-30 years with three or more children (28.5 kg/m2) than in those with two (27.0 kg/m2), one (26.2 kg/m2), or no children (26.3 kg/m2). Similar trends were found in Caucasians (BMI = 23.3, 23.4, 23.7, 25.0 kg/m2 for parity = 0, 1, 2, > or = 3, respectively), but the mean BMI was significantly higher in African Americans in each parity group. The association between BMI and parity was not present among women 18-24 years of age. Skinfolds were directly associated with parity in African Americans only. Waist-hip ratios were generally lower among nulliparous than parous women in both ethnic groups; race differences were present only among nulliparas. In conclusion, parity was associated with BMI in women aged 25 to 30 years but did not explain ethnicity-related differences in body mass.
Adipose Tissue↗
Influence of intrarenal metabolism on the analysis of renal drug transport mechanisms.
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Glomerular Filtration Rate↗
Phylogenetic inferences on the relationship of North American and European Picea species based on nuclear ribosomal 18S sequences and the internal transcribed spacer 1 region.
We have used PCR (polymerase chain reaction) to isolate nuclear ribosomal sequences from seven species of Picea (spruce). The amplified products contained approximately 200 base pairs from the 3' end of the 18S rRNA gene and the entire first internal transcribed spacer (ITS1). The sequences from these two functionally distinct regions were aligned and variable positions were used to construct a character matrix for cladistic-based phylogenetic analysis. Short insertions or deletions (indels) were common in the ITS1 and distinguished some intragenus phylogenetic relationships. In the present study, evolutionary relationships, based on DNA sequence variation within the ribosomal repeat, were determined for seven North American and European species of Picea. The results support the hypothesis of Wright (1955) that P. rubens and P. mariana are more closely related to the European species P. omorika than to other North American Picea. Molecular data suggest P. pungens has a closer relationship to eastern North American and European Picea than its presumed affiliation with northwestern American species.
Base Sequence↗
Effect of methylprednisolone on angiogenesis in syngeneic rat tracheal grafts.
Airway anastomotic complications remain a cause of morbidity after clinical lung transplantation. The use of corticosteroid therapy to control pulmonary rejection has raised concern over delayed airway healing. We therefore investigated the hypothesis that the effects of methylprednisolone (MP) impair the revascularization and epithelial regeneration of heterotopic syngeneic tracheal isografts. Lewis rat tracheal segments were wrapped in omentum and implanted in the abdomen of recipient rats. All recipients received cyclosporin A (CsA) (5 mg.kg-1.day-1) and were randomly allocated into three groups of 12 rats each according to the daily MP dose: group II, no MP; group III, 1 mg.kg-1.day-1; and group IV, 2 mg.kg-1.day-1. In each group, 6 animals were sacrificed after 7 and 14 days. Normal, untreated rats served as controls (group I). Epithelial regeneration was assessed histologically by a blinded subjective scoring system and by measurement of epithelial thickness. Tracheal revascularization was quantitated in terms of the number of blood vessels per square millimeter of tracheal wall and the vessel area was quantitated in terms of the percentage of the tracheal wall area. In animals treated with MP and CsA, the trachea exhibited significantly better regeneration after 14 days than it did in animals treated only with CsA. Epithelial regeneration was improved between 7 and 14 days in the groups treated with MP (group III, p = 0.01; group IV, p = 0.04). The epithelial thickness for all three study groups was significantly greater than that in the control group and returned toward normal after 14 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
The effect of influenza C virus on the Purkinje cells of chick embryo cerebellum.
Intra-amniotic inoculation of influenza C virus resulted in observable and quantitatively measurable changes in the Purkinje cells of chick embryo cerebellum. Purkinje cells were visualized by the Golgi-Cox procedure and prepared for statistical and computer evaluation from camera lucida drawings. Four computer-generated measurements (the area of the dendritic arbor, the perimeter of the dendritic tree, and the height and width of the cell's arborization) and two manually counted measurements (total number of branches and the number of first order branches) were made. Analysis of Purkinje cells from influenza C virus-infected embryos showed disturbances in dendritic arborization patterns and misalignment in the arrangement of the cells in the Purkinje cell layer compared to control cells. Statistical evaluation of Purkinje cell arborization showed significant decreases in all measured parameters for the influenza C virus-infected members when compared with the members of the uninfected control group.
Animals↗
Health care of the disabled adolescent.
With improved diagnostic techniques and medical advances, increasing numbers of children with disabilities are living longer and healthier lives. During adolescence, those with chronic health problems are at increased risk of various psychological difficulties, culminating in the challenge of transition to adult health services. This review explores these issues as well as how related medical care is funded. The long-term outcome for adolescents with disabilities is favorable.
Adolescent↗
Surfactant phosphatidylcholine composition during dexamethasone treatment in chronic lung disease.
OBJECTIVES: To determine whether dexamethasone 'matures' the phosphatidylcholine (PC) composition of broncheoalveolar fluid in infants at high risk of neonatal chronic lung disease (CLD), either by increasing the proportion of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), expressed as a percentage of total PC (%DPPC), or by increasing the ratio of DPPC to palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC:POPC ratio). DESIGN: Double blind, placebo controlled. SETTING AND PATIENTS: Sixteen infants < 32 weeks' gestation, < 1250 g birth weight who were dependent on mechanical ventilation and requiring a fractional inspired oxygen of > 0.30 at 12 days of chronological age. INTERVENTION: Randomisation to receive a two week reducing course of dexamethasone base at an initial dose of 0.2 mg/kg three times a day, or equivalent volumes of normal saline, starting at 14 days. Eight infants were randomised into each group. Broncheoalveolar lavage was performed serially throughout the study period or until extubation. PC composition of the fluid was analysed by high performance liquid chromatography. OUTCOME MEASURES: The %DPPC and the DPPC:POPC ratios were calculated for individual infants for days -1 and 0 combined, days 1 and 3 combined, and days 5 and 7 combined. Analysis of covariance was used to analyse the results. RESULTS: The DPPC:POPC ratio was significantly less in the treated group than the placebo group on days 1 and 3, and not greater as the hypothesis stated. Three out of five infants treated with dexamethasone and for whom data were available showed a substantial rise in DPPC:POPC ratio on days 5/7, compared with the placebo group, but overall these changes were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The data do not support the hypothesis that dexamethasone's action in producing a clinical improvement within the first 72 hours of treatment for neonatal CLD is by the 'maturation' of pulmonary surfactant PC.
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine↗
Cancer of the anal canal: treatment with chemotherapy and low-dose radiation therapy.
PURPOSE: To determine the efficacy of a standardized protocol of chemotherapy and low-dose radiation therapy in treatment of patients with anal canal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-two consecutive patients with anal canal cancer were treated with 15 fractions of 30-Gy photon beam radiation therapy administered anteroposterior-posteroanterior in conjunction with chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C. Survival analysis was performed with the lifetest procedure. RESULTS: In patients with stage T1 and T2 tumors, 26 of 29 (90%) were free of disease after chemotherapy and radiation therapy and had no recurrent tumors. In patients with stage T3 and T4 tumors, five of 13 (38%) were free of disease after therapy and had no recurrences. CONCLUSION: This therapy is effective for epidermoid cancers of the anal canal that are smaller than 5 cm regardless of nodal status. Tumors larger than this or that invade adjacent structures are not adequately controlled with this protocol.
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
Lung oxidant injury in a model of lung storage and extended reperfusion.
Donor lungs for transplantation are susceptible to "preservation" injury during both storage and postimplantation reperfusion. We investigated whether lung dysfunction seen after storage and reperfusion was associated with any biochemical hallmarks of direct cellular oxidant injury to lipid, protein, or DNA. Heart/lung blocks were extracted from adult rats following pulmonary vascular flush. Lungs were either perfused immediately ex vivo for 2 h with deoxygenated venous rat blood or were stored at 10 degrees C for 13 h before perfusion. Stored lungs had increased airway pressure, pulmonary vascular shunt fraction, wet/dry weight ratio, and parenchymal hemorrhage after perfusion but no change in pulmonary artery pressure compared with immediately perfused lungs. Hypothermic storage caused no biochemical changes in lung tissue. Perfusion of fresh or stored lungs resulted in lipid peroxidation and loss of nonprotein reduced sulfhydryls; sulfhydryl loss was threefold higher in lungs stored before perfusion compared with freshly perfused lungs. Reperfusion of stored, not fresh, lungs was associated with DNA damage. No loss of protein sulfhydryls occurred following lung perfusion. We conclude that DNA damage, loss of reduced nonprotein sulfhydryls, and lipid peroxidation during reperfusion of stored lungs may be responsible for physiologic lung dysfunction.
Animals↗
A cross-cultural perspective on adolescent girls' body perception.
The purpose of the study was to examine the body perception of 122 Jamaican adolescent girls. The study is a part of a larger project investigating the psychosocial adjustment of these adolescents. Included in the survey were items asking for demographic information such as height, weight, and age. In addition, subjects were asked to indicate whether they were pregnant and whether they considered themselves under- or overweight. Using the standard system of desirable weight the subjects' perceptions of whether they were under- or overweight were compared with their actual weights. In general, Jamaican adolescent girls had accurate perceptions of their body size and weight.
Adolescent↗
Pregnancy status, self-esteem, and ethnicity: some relationships in a sample of adolescents.
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Adolescent↗
Relationship between Jamaican adolescents' drinking partners and self-image: a cross-cultural perspective.
The data for this study were extracted from a larger study focusing on the self-image of Jamaican adolescents. Subjects for the present study were 176 adolescents who reported alcohol use. This exploratory investigation examined the relationship between drinking partner (adults vs. peers) and the self-image of Jamaican adolescents. Alcohol consumption among adolescents in Jamaica is not illegal and is considered culturally acceptable behavior. Analysis of the survey data revealed that the adolescents who consumed alcohol with adults had significantly higher self-evaluations on several dimensions of the Offer Self-Image Questionnaire (OSIQ) than those who drank with peers. Adolescents who had adult drinking partners reported experiencing less emotional fluctuation, had better family relationships, higher vocational and educational goals, were more socially conscious, and had better overall psychological adjustment. Discussion centers on social learning and psychosocial theories. Implications for future research are also discussed.
Adolescent↗