From June 1985 to June 1989, sera from 425 cases of acute viral hepatitis were gathered from 2 hospitals in Bombay; 331 sera were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen and immunoglobulin M anti-hepatitis B core antigen, and the donors' disease was diagnosed as hepatitis B. Anti-hepatitis D virus was found in 124 of these sera, and hepatitis D antigen was present in 24 more, conclusively proving the presence of hepatitis delta infection in association with hepatitis B in Bombay. Among the 425 cases of hepatitis, 39 cases of fulminant hepatitis developed, of whom 31 died. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was the apparent viral infection in 32 of the fulminant cases, and 20 (63%) of them also showed evidence of hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection, suggesting an aggravation of their clinical course due to concurrent HBV and HDV infections.

Adult↗

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Increasing seroprevalence of HIV among high-risk hospitalized patients in Mumbai.

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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay↗

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Klebocin typing of Klebsiella species isolated from nosocomial infection in intensive care unit.

Klebocin typing and antibiotic resistance have been studied for 518 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, [106 from intensive care unit (ICU) sites, 182 from ICU staff flora, 192 from patient flora and 38 from clinical specimens]. The overall typability was 71.62%. The most common mnemonic types among various sources were 111, 211, and 112. Of the total strains tested, 28.37% strains were found to be untypable. These strains are labelled as "444". When klebocin typing was used in association with antibiogram, in 86.84% cases of clinical infection probable source of infection could be detected. Thus a combination of two typing methods poses a significant contribution in epidemiological studies.

Bacteriocins↗

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Increasing prevalence of HIV-2 and dual HIV-1-2 infections among patients attending various outdoor patient departments in Mumbai (Bombay).

Between 1993-96, a serological study was carried out for differentially identifying HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections among the high risk group persons attending the various outdoor patient departments of BYL Nair Municipal Hospital, Mumbai. This study indicates that although HIV-1 is still the predominant virus among the high risk HIV infected persons in Mumbai, dual HIV-1-2 infections are increasing especially among promiscuous heterosexuals and female commercial sex workers. Increases in HIV-2 infections were observed later than dual HIV-1-2 infections, indicating that it is the HIV-1 infected individuals who through continued high risk behavior got infected by HIV-2.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗

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Hepatitis B virus infection in hospital personnel.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare workers are known to be prone to infection with the hepatitis B virus. We did this study, as there are only a few reports from India on the prevalence of this infection among hospital personnel, so that a rational and effective immunization policy could be evolved. METHOD: Eight hundred and sixty-three hospital employees including doctors, nurses, technicians, office workers, orderlies and other ancillary staff were screened by ELISA for both hepatitis B surface antigen and its antibody as indicators of prior infection. RESULTS: Eighty-six (10%) were found to be seropositive for hepatitis B surface antigen alone while in 138 (16%) only the antibody was detected. We did not come across any subject in whom both the antigen and the antibody were present simultaneously. Seropositivity was associated with a history of contact with blood or blood products, accidental parenteral exposure and direct patient contact. A history of close contact with a known patient with hepatitis and a past history of jaundice showed a weaker association, while a history of surgery or dental treatment was not significantly associated with seropositivity. There was a significantly (p < 0.5) higher seropositivity in males than in females. The seropositivity was also related to the employee's socio-economic status. Working in a dialysis unit carried the greatest risk. CONCLUSION: Energetic steps should be taken in all hospitals for the prevention of hepatitis B virus infection among healthcare workers.

Adolescent↗

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Human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection among patients with sexually transmitted diseases in Bombay.

BACKGROUND: Patients with sexually transmitted diseases form a particularly vulnerable group for infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), and serological surveillance is a sensitive tool for assessing the prevalence of this disease. METHODS: We carried out a serological survey for the detection of antibody to HIV-1 among persons belonging to various high-risk groups in Bombay from 1987 to 1989. Among these were 599 patients with various sexually transmitted diseases. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients (5.2%) were found to be HIV-1 antibody seropositive by the ELISA and Western blot tests. An increase in HIV-1 antibody seropositivity among both the male and female patients with sexually transmitted diseases was detected from 1987 to 1989 and seropositivity was maximally associated with condylomata acuminata, genital herpes and chancroid. CONCLUSION: HIV-1 is established in this sentinel population and needs to be controlled vigorously.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗