Combined factor V Leiden and prothrombin genotyping in patients presenting with thromboembolic episodes.
BACKGROUND: Several genetic defects are associated with increased risk of venous thrombosis. The factor V Leiden (FVL) and prothrombin G20210A mutations are the most frequent causes of inherited thrombophilia. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate combined genotyping for these 2 mutations in patients presenting with thromboembolic episodes and to correlate genotypic findings with clinical characteristics. RESULTS: Blood specimens were collected from 401 patients presenting with thromboembolic disease between January 1998 and September 1998, and genotyping for both FVL and prothrombin mutations was performed. Thirty-two patients (8%) were heterozygous for FVL, 4 (1%) were homozygous for FVL, and 20 (5%) were heterozygous for the prothrombin mutation. Two cases (0.5%) were identified with combined FVL and prothrombin mutations. The most common clinical presentation was lower-extremity deep vein thrombosis with or without pulmonary embolism. Arterial events were rare. The thromboembolic episodes were often precipitated by additional risk factors. Recurrent disease was found in 73.9% of FVL carriers and 52.9% of prothrombin mutation carriers; 52% of the patients with FVL and 50% of prothrombin mutation carriers had a first thrombotic episode before age 45 years. The 2 cases with combined genetic defects demonstrate amplified thrombotic risk. In the first case this was effected in thrombosis at a young age, and recurrence of thrombotic events even in the absence of precipitating factors. A complex interplay between genetic and additional risk factors was seen in the second case. CONCLUSIONS: Identification of both FVL and prothrombin mutations is important in the overall assessment and management of patients with thrombophilia. Detection of these mutations can identify patients at high risk and help evaluate the interaction of genetic and acquired risk factors.