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Biomedical subjects

D Coates

Publications and source records attributed to D Coates.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Powders, composed of chlorine-releasing agent acrylic resin mixtures or based on peroxygen compounds, for spills of body fluids.

The use of powders, composed of a mixture of a chlorine-releasing agent with highly absorbent acrylic resin, for disinfecting body fluid spills was evaluated by laboratory tests. 'Encap' and 'Red Z' were found to absorb rapidly up to 200 ml of water to form a semi-solid gel. When experimental formulations containing 1%, 5% and 10% available chlorine were evaluated by a standardized surface test, those containing 10% gave the best results. The ease and rate of absorption of fluids by these formulations decreased as the fluid consistency increased and they seem more suitable for watery spills than for blood. The use of a powder based on peroxygen compounds ('Virkon') for disinfecting contaminated spills was evaluated by laboratory tests and hospital trials. Laboratory tests showed that 'Virkon' is strongly and rapidly bactericidal. In hospital ward trials by nurses using 'Virkon' on both natural and artificial spills, 60 of 62 contact plates pressed on to decontaminated surfaces proved negative, and no unpleasant fumes were generated when 'Virkon' was applied to urine. In another trial, 1% 'Virkon' solution proved very effective in decontaminating mortuary tables. Antiviral activity was not tested.

Absorption↗
PubMed1991

Biologically active transcripts of a large satellite RNA from arabis mosaic nepovirus and the importance of 5' end sequences for its replication.

Synthetic transcripts of a satellite RNA associated with a lilac isolate of arabis mosaic nepovirus (ArMV) were made from cDNA clones. Transcripts having either six (M1R) or 29 (M3R) extra nucleotides at their 5' ends replicated in the presence of ArMV genomic RNA in manually inoculated Chenopodium quinoa plants, even though M1R also differs from the native sequence at nucleotide position 2. Transcript 12R, which has 11 guanosyl residues and 27 other nucleotides not present in the natural satellite RNA at its 5' end, and also lacks the two 5'-terminal nucleotides (UA), replicated inefficiently, both in transformed tobacco plants and in plants that had been manually inoculated. Transcripts from another construct (M2R) lacking eight 5'-terminal bases of the native sequence did not multiply in plants. Each of these transcripts directed the in vitro synthesis of a protein (Mr 39K) encoded by satellite RNA, although 12R was the least efficient message. Analysis of the 5'-terminal sequences in progeny RNA from M1R showed that the non-native bases were removed and the second nucleotide corrected, suggesting that VPg plus a few initial 5'-terminal bases might serve as a primer for plus-strand synthesis of this satellite RNA. When M1R was inoculated with genomic RNAs from ArMV of ash or ivy, the transcripts replicated and were encapsidated. However, when the same amounts of M1R were inoculated with genomic RNAs of ArMV from hop or sugar-beet, progeny of the transcripts were not detected either in virions or in plants. Less surprisingly, this RNA transcript did not multiply in the presence of dogwood mosaic, strawberry latent ringspot, grapevine fanleaf or cherry leaf roll nepoviruses.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1990

The nucleotide sequence of a satellite RNA associated with arabis mosaic nepovirus.

The nucleotide sequence of a satellite RNA (satRNA) associated with a lilac isolate of arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) was determined from cDNA copies. The sequence was 1104 nucleotides in length excluding the poly(A) tail, contained a long open reading frame which encodes a polypeptide of 360 amino acids, with an Mr of 39K. Nucleotide sequence comparisons revealed that the ArMV-associated satRNA shared 83% nucleotide identity with a satRNA from grapevine fanleaf nepovirus, but no extensive sequence homology was observed with other nepoviral satRNAs.

Base Composition↗
PubMed1989

Teaching resuscitation--can we improve?

In 1987, a Working Party Report from the Royal College of Physicians addressed the record of resuscitation from cardiopulmonary arrest. Their stated aim was to identify groups for instruction and to determine how required skills should be taught and retained. The recommendation for our specialty was brief: '...trained and competent in basic life support with airway adjuncts'. A survey of local practitioners was undertaken, to study their use of general anaesthesia, intravenous sedation, and relative analgesia and to discuss their resuscitation arrangements.

Anesthesia, Dental↗
PubMed1989

Use of sodium dichloroisocyanurate granules for spills of body fluids.

The use of chlorine-containing granules for disinfecting body fluid spills has been evaluated by hospital trials and laboratory tests. Hospital trials were carried out by nurses using 'Presept' disinfectant granules according to a protocol. In general they preferred using granules to bleach and, in 50 tests using granules on natural and artificial spills in wards, no organisms were recovered from the floor by contact plates after using the granules. Laboratory tests were carried out on 'Haz-Tab' granules, 'Biospot' disinfectant powder, 'Presept' disinfectant granules, 'Virusorb' absorbent powder and 'Titan' Sanitizer SU 357 using a standardized surface test. Available chlorine levels varied from 57.8% to 1.0% and the performance of products in the surface test varied with the chlorine level present. Granules containing a relatively high level of chlorine have the advantages that spilled material is contained and that a contact time of only 2-3 min is required before the spill can be safely removed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

The code within the codons.

For the first time it is shown that each of the three codon bases has a general correlation with a different, predictable amino acid property, depending on position within the codon. In addition to the previously recognized link between the mid-base and the hydrophobic-hydrophilic spectrum, we show that, with the exception of G, the first base is generally invariant within a synthetic pathway. G--coded amino acids show a different order, being found only at the head of the synthetic pathways. The redundancy of the nature of the third base has a previously unrecognised relationship with molecular weight. The bases U and A (transversions) are associated with the most sharply defined or opposite states in both the first and second position, C somewhat less so or intermediate, anf G neutral. The apparently systematic nature of these relationships has profound implications for the origin of the genetic code. It appears to be the remains of the first language of the cell, predating the tRNA/ribosome system, persisting with remarkably little change at a deeper level of organisation than the codon language.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Dagga-smoker's hand--a new physical sign?

The results of 103 medicolegal autopsies undertaken to detect the presence of cannabinoids in the urine are compared with stains on the hand supposedly suggestive of cannabis smoking using the 'bottleneck' technique. Experience with the EMIT d.a.u. (Enzyme Multiplied Immuno-Technique for drugs of abuse in the urine) cannabinoid assay system (Syva Corp., Palo Alto, California, USA) is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Comparison of sodium hypochlorite and sodium dichloroisocyanurate disinfectants: neutralization by serum.

A comparison has been made of the activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) solutions containing 0-40% and 0-70% horse serum respectively. The degree of inactivation of NaOCl and of NaDCC solutions by different concentrations of horse serum is expressed in terms of a neutralization coefficient, which demonstrates that NaDCC solutions are less prone to inactivation by serum than are NaOCl solutions, the disparity diverging as serum concentration is increased. In 30% serum an NaDCC solution containing 4000 ppm of available chlorine exhibited similar bactericidal activity to an NaOCl solution containing 17,000 ppm available chlorine.

Blood↗
PubMed1987

Survival of thermophilic campylobacters on fingertips and their elimination by washing and disinfection.

A simple impression-plate technique has been used to investigate the survival of four thermophilic campylobacter strains applied to fingertips. Campylobacters suspended in 0.1% peptone water and dried on the fingertips survived for different periods of time ranging from less than 1 to greater than or equal to 4 min. However, campylobacters suspended in chicken liquor or blood survived for much longer periods. The most resilient organism was Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11392 which, when suspended in 50% horse blood, survived for an hour. Suspensions containing 10(6)-10(7) organisms prepared in 50% blood and dried on to fingertips were removed by thorough hand washing with either soap and water or water alone followed by drying on paper towels, but persisted on wet hands. The organisms were also eliminated by wiping the hands with a tissue saturated with 70% isopropyl alcohol for 15 sec.

1-Propanol↗
PubMed1987

Dose requirements of propofol by infusion during nitrous oxide anaesthesia in man. II: Patients premedicated with lorazepam.

The infusion rate of propofol required to supplement 67% nitrous oxide in oxygen to maintain surgical anaesthesia was determined in 72 patients premedicated with lorazepam. Following an induction dose of propofol 2 mg kg-1, groups of eight patients received an infusion of propofol varying from 60 to 200 micrograms kg-1 min-1. Probit analysis was used to determine the ED50 (130 micrograms kg-1 min-1; 95% confidence limits: 106-167 micrograms kg-1 min-1) and ED95 (348 micrograms kg-1 min-1; 95% confidence limits: 233-1296 micrograms kg-1 min-1) for propofol infusion. Whole blood propofol concentrations at the time of surgical incision correlated strongly with the infusion rate, giving an EC50 value of 2.5 micrograms ml-1, and an EC95 value of 5.92 micrograms ml-1. There was no significant correlation between the rate of infusion of propofol, or the total propofol dose, and the times to response to command, or to recall of birthdate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

A study of thermophilic campylobacters in a river system.

Fifteen kilometres of a river system traversing rural and urban areas and subject to sewage works effluent discharge was studied during a 12 1/2 month period. A total of 312 samples was collected from 12 sites at 14 d intervals and tested by a glass microfibre filtration method and a most probable number (MPN) method. Campylobacters were found in 43% of samples by the filtration method and 21% by the MPN method. The lowest frequency of isolation and lowest counts (less than 10 campylobacters/100 ml) were associated with samples collected from rural sites and fast-flowing stretches of river. The greatest frequency of isolation and highest counts (greater than 10-230 campylobacters/100 ml) were associated with sites adjacent to or downstream of sewage works. There was an obvious seasonal trend; most isolations and highest counts were obtained in late autumn and winter, and fewest isolations and lowest counts in spring and summer. Surface water run-off from adjacent farmland following heavy rainfall also increased the counts of campylobacters in the river system. Biotyping of isolates demonstrated that the most prevalent Campylobacter sp. was Campylobacter jejuni but C. coli, C. laridis and a previously unrecognized group of campylobacters were also isolated. Serotyping differentiated 14 serotypes of C. jejuni, 11 of C. coli and two of C. laridis. Furthermore, serotypes of C. jejuni commonly isolated from enteritis in man were frequently found in river water tested during this study.

Campylobacter↗
PubMed1985

A comparison of sodium hypochlorite and sodium dichloroisocyanurate products.

A comparison of commercial sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) products was made. Solutions of NaOCl and NaDCC containing the same levels of available chlorine (av.Cl) exhibited very similar bactericidal activities, despite significant differences in pH. A level of 12.5 ppm av. Cl achieved a greater than 5 log 10 reduction of Staphylococcus aureus in 2 min. A level of 5 ppm av.Cl achieved a greater than 5 log 10 reduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 2 min whilst approximately 100 ppm av.Cl achieved the same reduction in the presence of 1% horse serum, and approximately 200 ppm av.Cl in the presence of 2% horse serum, indicating inactivation levels of around 95 and 97.5% respectively. Tablets of NaDCC were stable but solutions were unstable and decomposed much faster than NaOCl solutions of the same strength. Batch-to-batch variability of different NaOCl and NaDCC products was investigated; whilst NaDCC products always contained the minimum level of av.Cl specified, concentrated NaOCl products sometimes did not due to inherent instability.

Disinfectants↗