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Biomedical subjects

D Cicchetti

Publications and source records attributed to D Cicchetti.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Childhood comorbidity of anxiety/affective disorders and behavior disorders.

Considerable data have been reported concerning comorbidity of various individual psychiatric disorders in children within the diagnostic supradomains of affect/anxiety disorders and behavior disorders as well as between these supradomains. To further examine such comorbidity, 35 psychiatrically hospitalized children were studied in terms of the prevalence of comorbidity, demographic and cognitive characteristics, adaptive functioning and maladaptive behaviors. The prevalence of comorbid behavior + affect/anxiety disorders exceeded 50% of the samples. Children with such comorbidity were similar to children with Behavior only diagnoses in terms of demographic and cognitive characteristics but differed in terms of adaptive functioning and maladaptive behaviors.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1988

Do object relations deficits distinguish BPD from other diagnostic groups?

Two independent samples that met DSM-III criteria for borderline personality disorder (BPD) were found to have similar patterns of object relations deficits as measured by group means and percentage of high scoring subjects on the four subscales of the Bell Objects Relation (OR) Inventory. Statistical comparison of the composite BPD group with affective, schizoaffective, and schizophrenic groups revealed that the pattern of OR deficits in BPD was significantly different from each of the other diagnostic groups. On the basis of scores from the Alienation subscale alone, BPD subjects could be distinguished from the other diagnostic groups with 77-82% predictive accuracy. The role of object relations deficits in BPD is discussed, along with potential contributions of the Bell OR Inventory to diagnostic efficiency.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Use of megadoses of vitamins with minerals in Down syndrome.

To evaluate the effects of megadoses of vitamins with minerals on the cognitive intelligence of children with Down syndrome, a two-group double-blind clinical trial was carried out with 56 school-aged children with Down syndrome. Children were evaluated at baseline, 4 months, and 8 months with a battery of standard psychologic tests, physical examinations, and blood tests. The two groups, which were well-matched is cognitive intelligence and other important subject characteristics at baseline, were not significantly different in intelligence and other test scores at the 4- or 8-month test periods. The particular megadoses of vitamins with minerals used in the study did not produce increased intelligence in the study population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The relationship between affect and cognition in maltreated infants: quality of attachment and the development of visual self-recognition.

37 19-month-old infants, 18 maltreated and 19 matched lower-class comparisons, were seen in Ainsworth and Wittig 's Strange Situation in order to document the impact that early maltreatment by the mother has on the attachment relationship. In addition, these infants were observed in the standard mirror-and- rouge paradigm to investigate the hypothesis that individual differences in the emergence of the capacity for visual self-recognition could be related to qualitative differences in the attachment relationship. Consistent with predictions from attachment theory, maltreated infants were found to manifest a significantly greater proportion of insecure attachments than were nonmaltreated infants. When data for the entire sample of infants were analyzed, it was found that those infants who evidenced visual self-recognition were significantly more likely to be securely attached to their mothers. However, a separate analysis of the maltreated and comparison groups of infants revealed a different pattern of results. 90% of the nonmaltreated infants who recognized themselves were securely attached to their caregivers. In contrast, for those maltreated infants who recognized themselves, there was no significant relationship between this capacity and qualitative differences in the security of attachment. Furthermore, an analysis of the affective responses of the infants to their rough-marked noses revealed that nonmaltreated infants were more likely to show an increase in positive affect following the application of rouge , whereas maltreated infants manifested neutral or negative reactions. These results demonstrate that early maltreatment may have deleterious effects for the infant, independent of those risk factors commonly associated with lower-class membership. In addition, they underscore the impact of maltreatment upon the successful achievement of salient developmental tasks and upon the relationship between affective and cognitive development in the maltreated infant.

Body Image↗
PubMed1983

Temporal reliability of personality in psychiatric patients.

The Personality Assessment Schedule, an interview schedule specifically designed for assessing personality disorder, was administered twice to 28 psychiatric patients, with a mean interval of 2.9 years between each assessment. The first assessment was made by a psychiatrist and the second by a medical student who had no prior knowledge of the patients. The reliability of the 2 assessments was measured using 4 different techniques. Although the reliability of individual personality traits was inconsistent over time, the categorical diagnosis of personality disorder was good (Kw = 0.64), giving some support to the validity of the schedule. Reasons for discordance in the assessments were examined and appeared to be due mainly to confusion between clinical symptoms and personality traits, retrospective errors in recording past personality in chronic patients, and special difficulties in determining the primary abnormality in severe personality disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

From infant affect expression to symbolic play: the coherence of development in Down syndrome children.

To examine further the coherence of development of a sample of Down syndrome children, assessments were made of the quality and level of play at age 3-5 years. It was found that, with corrections for mental age, the play of these children was similar to that of nonhandicapped children. Moreover, individual differences in the level and quality of play were strongly predicted from Bayley DQ scores obtained at age 2 and by several indexes of affective expressiveness including 1 obtained in the first year of life. This was despite limitations on the performance range represented in the subsample included in this follow-up study. Finally, the various aspects of play, as indexed by 5 separate scales, intercorrelated strongly, suggesting consistent individual differences in the play session itself. All of these findings point to the coherence of development of these children. In addition, it is suggested that early affective assessments are strong predictors of the later functioning of Down syndrome.

Affect↗
PubMed1982

Borderline syndromes in childhood: criteria for diagnosis.

There is currently a great deal of confusion regarding the diagnostic status of children with borderline disorders and a tendency to apply criteria for borderline adults to the diagnosis of these children without allowing for developmental differences. On the basis of their experience with 24 latency-age children, the authors propose diagnostic criteria in an effort to establish a uniformity in the diagnosis of these children. Major areas of psychopathology include fluctuation of functioning, nature and extent of anxiety, thought content and processes, relationships to others, and lack of control. The authors also found a high frequency of organic impairment, physical abuse, and familial disturbance.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1979

Reliability of a schedule for rating personality disorders.

The inter-situational, inter-rater and temporal reliability of a schedule for rating personality disorders is described. In an initial study with a simplified form of the schedule in patients from different wards of a psychiatric hospital inter-situational reliability between raters was higher for patients with personality disorders than with no personality disorder. Using the full schedule, inter-rater reliability, using audiotaped and separate interviews, and temporal reliability at interviews conducted a mean of 12.5 months apart all reached a satisfactory level, suggesting that the schedule may be a useful instrument for measuring deviant personality traits. The interview may be used with a subject or an informant but agreement between ratings made with informants and psychiatric patients during illness was low, and the schedule is not recommended for use with patients alone during acute episodes of illness.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Visual calibration of posture in normal and motor retarded Down's syndrome infants.

Infants with Down's syndrome are delayed in achieving motor milestones. When they first sit unsupported a discrepancy between visual and mechanical-vestibular indices of postural stability is less disruptive of their balance than in normal infants. Yet when they first stand unsupported, the same discrepancy disrupts balance more in these infants than in the normal infants. The effect of discrepant visual feedback also differs systematically as a function of the infants' experience of the posture. Monitoring posture in relation to a stable visual surround appears to be fundamental to the normal development of motor control.

Child Development↗
PubMed1978

Mirrow reactions of Down's syndrome infants and toddlers: cognitive underpinnings of self-recognition.

To examine the developmental significance of mirrow self-recognition in early childhood, a cross-sectional study with 55 Down's syndrome children was conducted. When their image is altered by rouge on the nose, normal infants by 22 months indicate self-recognition by touching their noses while looking in the mirror. Only a small percentage of Down's syndrome children touched their noses by this age, confirming the expected lag in this development. However, those young Down's syndrome infants with near-normal development quotient did manifest the reaction. In general, when developmental age was equated, the Down's syndrome children showed parallel development to normal children.

Body Image↗