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Biomedical subjects

D Cicchetti

Publications and source records attributed to D Cicchetti.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Affect, cognition, and the emergence of self-knowledge in the toddler offspring of depressed mothers.

Visual self-recognition was examined utilizing the mirror-rouge paradigm in a sample of 18- to 21-month-old toddlers of depressed (n = 91) and nondepressed (n = 43) mothers in regard to linkages with cognitive and affective development. Overall, attainment of self-recognition was not related to differences in level of cognitive development, pre-rouge affective expression, or maternal depression. However, children of depressed mothers who exhibited self-recognition were more likely than children of nondepressed mothers to display nonpositive affect and to shift affect from positive to nonpositive in the post-rouge condition. Within the group of children of depressed mothers, toddlers who did not evidence self-recognition and who shifted affect were lower in attachment security and had mothers with less positive affect characteristics. Also, self-recognition and affective instability were related to differences in cognitive developmental level among toddlers of depressed mothers. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for understanding the relations between affect and cognition and the influence of maternal depression on affective and cognitive development.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Talking about self and other: emergence of an internal state lexicon in young children with Down syndrome.

The ability to talk about the internal states (IS) of self and other is an age-typical development of early childhood that is thought to reflect young children's emergent self-other understanding. This study examined the emergence of an IS lexicon in a cross-sectional sample of young children with Down syndrome (DS) and a cognitively and demographically comparable group of normally developing (ND) children. Children's IS lexicons were derived from transcripts of their spontaneous utterances during two laboratory contexts: a mother-child emotions picture book task and semistructured play. Children with DS produced significantly fewer IS words and fewer IS word types than their MA-matched counterparts. Controlling for corpus size, children with DS also were less likely to attribute internal states to themselves and were more context bound in their use of IS language. In addition, children with DS also differed from ND children in the semantic content of their IS language, with proportionately higher rates of affective words and lower rates for words about volition ability, and cognition. For both the DS and ND groups, individual differences in IS language production were significantly related to general expressive language skills. However, dissociations were observed for the relation between children's IS word production and nonverbal symbolic play skills in the two groups. These findings suggest some degree of disorganization at the interface among symbolic domains for children with DS. Because IS language is critical to the regulation of social interaction and an early index of self-other differentiation and understanding, children with DS may be at risk for later compromises in self-organization.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Representations of self and other in the narratives of neglected, physically abused, and sexually abused preschoolers.

The MacArthur Story Stem Battery was used to examine maternal and self-representations in neglected, physically abused, sexually abused, and nonmaltreated comparison preschool children. The narratives of maltreated children contained more negative maternal representations and more negative self-representations than did the narratives of nonmaltreated children. Maltreated children also were more controlling with and less responsive to the examiner. In examining the differential impact of maltreatment subtype differences on maternal and self-representations, physically abused children evidenced the most negative maternal representations; they also had more negative self-representations than nonmaltreated children. Sexually abused children manifested more positive self-representations than neglected children. Despite these differences in the nature of maternal and self-representations, physically and sexually abused children both were more controlling and less responsive to the examiner. The investigation adds to the corpus of knowledge regarding disturbances in the self-system functioning of maltreated children and provides support for relations between representational models of self and other and the self-organizing function that these models exert on children's lives.

Child Abuse↗
PubMed1997

The role of self-organization in the promotion of resilience in maltreated children.

The dynamic nature of resilience necessitates that children from high-risk backgrounds who are functioning adaptively despite experiences of adversity must be examined over time. In the current investigation, the adaptation of school-age maltreated and nonmaltreated socioeconomically disadvantaged children was examined over 3 consecutive years. In accord with predictions, a higher percentage of nonmaltreated children than of maltreated children were found to be resilient. Moreover, a higher percentage of maltreated than of nonmaltreated children were shown to exhibit functioning consistently in the low adaptive range. Differential predictors of resilience were found in maltreated and nonmaltreated children. Specifically, for maltreated children, positive self-esteem, ego resilience, and ego overcontrol predicted resilient functioning, whereas relationship features were more influential for nonmaltreated children. These findings are discussed in relation to the unfolding of resilient self-organizational strivings in maltreated and nonmaltreated children.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Emotion regulation among school-age children: the development and validation of a new criterion Q-sort scale.

To foster the study of emotion regulation beyond infancy and toddlerhood, a new criterion Q-sort was constructed. In Study 1, Q-scales for emotion regulation and autonomy were developed, and analyses supported their discriminant validity. Study 2 further explored the construct validity of the Emotion Regulation Q-Scale within a sample of 143 maltreated and 80 impoverished children, aged 6 to 12 years. A multitrait-multimethod matrix and confirmatory factor analyses indicated impressive convergence among the Emotion Regulation Q-Scale and established measures of affect regulation. This new scale also was discriminable from measures of related constructs, including Q-sort assessments of ego resiliency. The use of this new measure was further supported by its ability to distinguish between maltreated and comparison children and between groups of well-regulated versus dysregulated children.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1997

Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: reliability and validity.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reliability and validity of a semistructured measure of obsessive-compulsive symptom severity in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). METHOD: Sixty-five children with OCD (25 girls and 40 boys, aged 8 to 17 years) were assessed with the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS). Interrater agreement was assessed by four raters in a subsample (n = 24). Discriminant and convergent validity were assessed by comparing CY-BOCS scores to self-ratings of depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. RESULTS: Internal consistency was high, measuring .87 for the 10 items. The intraclass correlations for the CY-BOCS Total, Obsession, and Compulsion scores were .84, .91, and .68, suggesting good to excellent interrater agreement for subscale and total scores. The CY-BOCS Total score showed a significantly higher correlation with a self-report of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (r = .62 for the Leyton survey) compared with the Children's Depression Inventory (r = .34) and the Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (r = .37) (p = .02 and .05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The CY-BOCS yields reliable and valid subscale and total scores for obsessive-compulsive symptom severity in children and adolescents with OCD. Reliability and validity appear to be influenced by age of the child and the hazards associated with integrating data from parental and patient sources.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Patterns of relatedness, depressive symptomatology, and perceived competence in maltreated children.

An attachment theory framework is applied toward understanding the emergence of depressive symptomatology and lower perceived competence in maltreated and nonmaltreated children. Hypotheses that maltreated children with nonoptimal patterns of relatedness evidence elevated depressive symptomatology and lower competence, whereas nonmaltreated children with optimal or adequate patterns of relatedness exhibit the least depressive symptomatology and higher competence, were confirmed. Additionally, differentiations between maltreated children with and without optimal or adequate patterns of relatedness emerged, suggesting that relatedness may mitigate against the adverse effects of maltreatment. Moreover, sexually abused children with confused patterns of relatedness evidenced clinically significant depressive symptomatology. Results are discussed with regard to mechanisms that contribute to adaptation or maladaptation in children with negative caregiving histories.

Achievement↗
PubMed1995

A developmental psychopathology perspective on child abuse and neglect.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this review is to conceptualize child abuse and neglect within a developmental psychopathology perspective. Toward this end, issues of definition and epidemiology, etiology, and sequelae are addressed. METHOD: Research and theory on child abuse and neglect with relevance to a developmental perspective is reviewed. RESULTS: Considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the etiology and consequences of child abuse and neglect. Less progress has been made in utilizing this knowledge to inform treatment efforts. CONCLUSIONS: Incorporation of a developmental psychopathology perspective into efforts to understand and ameliorate the adverse effects of child abuse and neglect holds considerable promise for advancing research and intervention in the area of child maltreatment. The importance of providing comprehensive and coordinated services that incorporate knowledge of how maltreated youngsters negotiate stage-salient issues of development is stressed. The provision of child-focused treatment, parent-based models of intervention, and ecologically driven approaches to prevention all can benefit from an understanding of the adverse effects that maltreatment exerts on the process of development.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Emotional sequelae of stroke: a longitudinal perspective.

This study investigated emotional change following stroke at acute (2-week), 2-month, and 6-month time intervals. Five dimensions of emotional functioning were examined in a sample of 19 stroke subjects: indifference, inappropriateness, depression, mania, and pragnosia (a defect in the pragmatics of social communicative style). Results showed that, at the 2-month point, differential recovery rates become apparent depending on hemispheric side of the stroke lesion. Increased indifference, inappropriateness, and depression appear to account for these results and suggest a slower rate of recovery on these variables in the left hemisphere group (LH n = 9) compared to the right (RH n = 10). Results further indicate that, at the 6-month point, emotional functioning in RH subjects appears to worsen. In contrast, emotional recovery in LH subjects seems to stabilize at this time. Clinical implications of these findings in terms of type and timing of intervention are discussed.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1994

Distinguishing between multiple personality disorder (dissociative identity disorder) and schizophrenia using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders.

The authors describe the systematic assessment of dissociative symptoms using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders (SCID-D) in 50 psychiatric outpatients with a referring DSM-III-R diagnosis of either schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (N = 31) and subjects with multiple personality disorder (MPD [DSM-IV name change: dissociative identity disorder]; N = 19). Results indicate that patients with MPD experience significantly higher scores for five specific dissociative symptoms than patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. The range, severity, and nature of the five dissociative symptom areas evaluated by the SCID-D distinguish MPD from the occasional occurrence of dissociative symptoms which may be seen in schizophrenia. Systematic assessment of dissociative symptoms using the SCID-D can assist in accurate differential diagnosis of MPD and schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Responses of physically abused and nonabused children to different forms of interadult anger.

Responses to various forms of interadult anger were examined in 2 groups of 6-11-year-olds: 44 low-SES children with a history of physical abuse and exposure to interspousal aggression, and 44 low-SES children exposed to interspousal aggression but with no history of physical abuse or other child maltreatment. Children were presented with videotaped segments of adults in angry and friendly interactions. Angry segments varied on (a) the type of anger expression (nonverbal, verbal, verbal-physical), and (b) whether anger was resolved. In general, physically abused children reported greater fear than nonabused children in response to all forms of interadult anger. Moreover, abused children appeared particularly sensitive to whether anger between adults was resolved. Findings are discussed with regard to factors that may mediate relations between exposure to family violence and the development of psychopathology in children from highly aggressive home environments.

Aggression↗
PubMed1993

Differentiating pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified from autism and language disorders.

Features useful in distinguishing children with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) from those with autism or language disorder were developed from a retrospective chart review using groups of children with PDD-NOS and MA- and sex-matched autistic and language-disordered groups. Charts were reviewed using a list of 80 items compiled from various sources. Items that had adequate interrater reliability and significantly discriminated the PDD-NOS cases from the language-disordered or autistic cases were then evaluated using a second set of cases and signal detection methods. Fewer items significantly discriminated cases with autism from those with PDD-NOS as compared to cases with language disorder. Clinical implications are discussed.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1993

Toward an ecological/transactional model of community violence and child maltreatment: consequences for children's development.

In recent decades it has become increasingly apparent that violence affects a significant proportion of families in the United States (Bureau of Justice Statistics 1983). Violence, in fact, is becoming a defining characteristic of American society. A recent comparison of the rates of homicide among 21 developed nations indicates that the United States has the highest homicide rate in the world, and its rate is more than four times higher than the next highest rate (Fingerhut and Kleinman 1990). What is even more alarming is the high incidence of violent death and injury for children and adolescents in the United States. Acts of violence are the cause of death for over 2000 children between the ages of 0 and 19 years each year, and more than 1.5 million children and adolescents are abused by their adult caretakers each year (Christoffel 1990).

Child↗
PubMed1993

Re-examining handedness in schizophrenia: now you see it--now you don't.

The present study was designed to examine patterns of handedness across tasks (i.e., those requiring less vs. greater skill) and over time (initially and 1 month later) in 72 schizophrenic patients and 105 normal controls. Two important methodologic advances were introduced: (1) two handedness tasks, varying in skill level (simple vs. complex); and (2) the addition of a retest on both tasks, 1 month later. Results show a higher incidence (43%) of mixed handedness in the schizophrenic sample than in normal controls (14.3%) on tasks requiring less precision in performance. Similar results were obtained when schizophrenic patients were retested 1 month later, RI = .88. When the more demanding set of tasks was presented, the frequency of mixed handed schizophrenics dropped by 50% at initial testing. Despite these findings, there was no evidence for stability of change over time. For example, each of the most extreme shifters at Time 1 was fully lateralized 1 month later.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Characteristics of youths identified from a psychiatric case register as first-time users of services.

OBJECTIVE: The study examined associations between sociodemographic factors and first-time use of mental health services by children and adolescents, including whether the patterns differ by age at first treatment contact. METHODS: The authors examined sociodemographic characteristics of 4,949 youths listed on a psychiatric case register in Monroe County, New York, who were under age 19 when first seen for public mental health treatment between 1987 and 1989. Data on race and type of insurance for patients in the county's four catchment areas were compared with 1980 census data. Insurance was categorized as public (such as Medicaid) or private and was used as a proxy for socioeconomic status. RESULTS: Both minority and publicly insured youths of low socio-economic status were overrepresented in the treatment population in relation to their numbers in the county, although publicly insured youths from the poorest catchment area were underrepresented in the treatment population. Among children (ages five to 12) in the treatment population, males outnumbered females by 2 to 1, but among adolescents (ages 13 to 18), the numbers were similar. Among minority groups, children receiving first-time mental health services were more likely to have public insurance. Minority adolescents were somewhat more likely to be privately than publicly insured.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Reliability, comparability, and predictive validity.

In a psychiatric rehabilitation study, 154 concurrent ratings were performed using the 30-item Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the 18-item Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Although both instruments had excellent interrater reliability, the PANSS was consistently better: on the 18 symptom items the two instruments share, the PANSS had higher intraclass r's on 14; for the syndromes, the PANSS was higher than the BPRS on positive, negative, and total. Weighted Kappas comparing shared items revealed that most were not interchangeable, with only three coefficients in the excellent range. However, syndrome scale scores were very highly correlated and resulted in similar classification for negative schizophrenia. Ten of the 12 items of the PANSS not included in the BPRS had low zero-order correlations with BPRS items, which suggests that they measure symptoms distinct from those measured by the BPRS and should add to clinical predictive power. This proved true in our study of rehabilitation of patients with schizophrenia. PANSS symptom ratings explained up to 55% of the variance on seven measures of work performance, whereas the BPRS had lower predictive power on six of the seven measures. We concluded that the PANSS may be superior to the BPRS in clinical research on schizophrenia and that most BPRS items are not interchangeable with identically named PANSS items.

Adult↗