Biomedical subjects

D Birkhed

Publications and source records attributed to D Birkhed.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

PubMed1997

Oral sugar clearance and other caries-related factors in patients with myotonic dystrophy.

The aim of the investigation was to try to explain why patients with myotonic dystrophy (MD) have a high caries prevalence. Seventeen MD patients, 15 of whom had been examined 8 years earlier, and 17 matched, healthy controls participated. In connection with this follow-up examination, the oral sugar clearance was evaluated after chewing a glucose tablet. A paraffin-stimulated whole saliva sample was collected for determination of secretion rate, buffer capacity, and numbers of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. Dietary score, plaque index, oral muscular coordination, and self-cleaning ability were also recorded. For all factors, the MD patients showed less favorable mean values than the controls; the differences between the groups were statistically significant, except for the bacterial counts and the salivary buffer capacity. Thus, the high caries prevalence in MD patients may be explained by longer oral sugar clearance time, lower salivary secretion rate, higher intake frequency of sugar-containing products, higher plaque index, and less pronounced oral muscular coordination and self-cleaning ability than in healthy individuals.

Buffers↗

PubMed1997

Oral disease, impairment, and illness: congruence between clinical and questionnaire findings.

In 1992 a questionnaire was sent to 50-year-olds in two Swedish counties. These self-report data were compared with clinical observations with regard to number of teeth, removable dentures, caries, and periodontitis. Complete information from both data sources was obtained for 1041 persons. The relevant questionnaire item explained 71% of the missing tooth variance. An agreement of 0.91 (Cohen's kappa) was obtained for removable dentures. A question about problems in opening the mouth differentiated clearly with regard to measured mouth opening ability. Toothache and tooth sensitivity were reported with 95% probability when having 22 decayed teeth and with 46% when there were no decayed teeth (58% correctly predicted). Two teeth with pockets > or = 6 mm gave 5% probability and 22 such teeth gave 39% probability of reporting migration of front teeth. The main conclusion from this study is that there is good correspondence between subjective self-reports and clinical findings, especially for those conditions that are relatively easy for the patient to observe, such as the number of teeth and the presence of dentures. Thus questionnaire data can be used for information and screening about some well-defined oral conditions.

Dental Caries↗

PubMed1997

Effect of xylitol in an enzyme-containing dentifrice without sodium lauryl sulfate on mutans streptococci in vivo.

The aim of this investigation was to compare the effect of an enzyme-containing dentifrice without sodium lauryl sulfate but with addition of xylitol (Zendium Dentine) on mutans streptococci (MS) in saliva and dental plaque with that of the same dentifrice without xylitol. The subjects were divided into a test group, using a dentifrice with 10% xylitol (part A) or 5% xylitol (part B), and a control group, using a dentifrice without xylitol, for 3 months. In part A the MS counts in saliva and plaque were significantly lower in the xylitol group (n = 50) than in the control group (n = 57) (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). In part B (n = 89 + 91), evaluating MS counts in saliva only, no significant difference was found. Thus, this study demonstrated I) that addition of 10% xylitol to an enzyme-containing dentifrice without sodium lauryl sulfate has an inhibitory effect on MS counts in saliva and dental plaque, and 2) that the inhibitory effect seems to be dose-dependent.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Studies on human minor salivary gland secretions using the Periotron method.

Secretions from minor salivary glands were estimated in 127 individuals by the Periotron method of measuring fluid output from different mucosal sites, and outputs were related to different variables. Large intra- and interindividual variations in secretions (expressed as microliter/cm2 per min) were observed, with means of 0.9 for the palatal, 4.8 for the labial and 16.0 for the buccal mucosal sites. Age had no influence on the secretion rate, but women had 10-20% lower values from all three sites than men (p < 0.05). Individuals wearing upper dentures or using tobacco had 300 and 27% increased palatal secretion rates, respectively (p < 0.001, p < 0.05). In addition, those being treated with diuretics had 15% lower rates of secretion from buccal mucosal glands (p < 0.05), and those complaining of oral dryness had 21% lower fluid output from the labial mucosa (p < 0.05). These results support the use of minor salivary glands in combination with the Periotron method to study mucosal secretions and functions.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Saliva composition in children and young adults with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the salivary secretion rate and composition in a group of 16 children and young adults (6-27 years) with Papillon-Lefèvre Syndrome (PLS), and to compare the findings with a group (n = 16) of healthy controls. Unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva was collected at least 2 h after meals and the secretion rate determined. The stimulated saliva was assessed for buffer capacity, total protein, peroxidase and hexosamine, while the unstimulated samples were evaluated for total protein, lysozyme, thiocyanate, lactoferrin and salivary IgA. Both the unstimulated (p < 0.01) and stimulated (p < 0.05) saliva secretion rates were significantly lower among the PLS patients compared with the controls. Furthermore salivary buffer capacity was significantly (p < 0.01) lower in the PLS patients. The total protein content in saliva was comparatively high in the study group, while the concentrations of immunoglobulins and non-immunoglobulins were within normal ranges. When calculating the output of the assessed antimicrobial factors, the mean peroxidase level in stimulated whole saliva was found to be significantly (p < 0.01) lower in the PLS patients than in the healthy controls. In conclusion, the present study indicates an impaired water secretion and a somewhat altered saliva gland function in children and young adults with PLS.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Equality in satisfaction, perceived need, and utilization of dental care in a 50-year old Swedish population.

Satisfaction with dental care, perceived need for dental care, and dental care utilization were analyzed as to equality in geographical, socio-economic, and gender distributions. The study base was a cross-sectional mail questionnaire sent in 1992 to all 50-year old persons (totally 8890) in Orebro and Ostergötland counties in Sweden. Measures of the variables were all based on self-assessments. The response rate was 71.3%. The results showed no large inequalities as to satisfaction, except the aspect travel time for rural residents. They also had higher perceived need for dental care. For utilization of dental care, workers were relatively fewer among "high" consumers. Controlling for socio-economic group, there were twice as many men than women among "low" consumers. In conclusion, there was relative equality in the dental care delivery in this 50-year old Swedish population, with some remaining social differences, primarily socio-economically contingent.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1996

Reproducibility of clinical caries diagnoses on coronal and root surfaces.

Intra- and interexaminer reproducibility of clinical caries diagnoses was studied using 3 experienced dentists, who independently examined 20 patients twice at an interval of 2-6 weeks. The lesions were classified as one of the following four diagnoses: (1) initial active caries, (2) initial inactive caries, (3) manifest active caries, and (4) manifest inactive caries. For the various diagnoses, signs of cavitation, surface structure and discolouration were used. The reproducibility at a patient level was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients and at a surface level using kappa statistics. At a patient level, for the total number of lesions, the intraclass coefficients of correlation varied from 0.55 to 0.77. For the individual diagnoses, total manifest caries showed the highest coefficients of correlation, ranging from 0.73 to 0.92. At a tooth surface level, the kappa values varied from 0.29 to 0.61. The most common shift was that from any type of caries diagnosis to a diagnosis of a sound surface. There was little difference between the results for coronal and root caries and between initial and manifest lesions. Nor was there any difference for buccal + lingual surfaces only compared to all surfaces. Judging from the pattern of change in diagnosis between the repeated examinations, the main source of error seemed to be due to the fact that the lesions observed at one examination were overlooked at the other examination.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Fluoride in the interdental area after two different post-brushing water rinsing procedures.

The aim of the present investigation was to study two post-brushing water rinsing procedures: (1) on fluoride (F) accumulation in approximal dental plaque, and (2) on F clearance in the interdental area. Twenty subjects participated first in the accumulation study, including three experimental periods (A, B and C), each lasting for 7 days. During period A, they brushed with a 0.32% NaF dentifrice for 2 min, followed by a 1-min active mouth rinse with the toothpaste foam combined with 5 ml of water. During period B, the 2-min brushing was followed by three quick water rinses with 15 ml each. During period C, toothbrushing, which was carried out without any toothpaste, was followed by a 2-min active mouthrinse with 10 ml of a 0.05% NaF solution. All three procedures were performed in the morning (after breakfast) and in the evening (just before bedtime). The results showed that the accumulation of F in pooled approximal plaque after 7 days reached on average 2.7 times higher values after procedure A than B (p<0.001). Procedure C also resulted in more F in plaque than B (p<0.001). The same 20 subjects participated in the clearance study on a separate occasion. When measuring the F concentration in the interdental area at 3 h after the application, procedure A resulted in a significantly higher F concentration than both toothbrushing B and mouth rinse C; the AUC was 2.2 times larger for A than for B (p <0.001). Thus, both the accumulation of F in approximal plaque and the clearance of F in the interdental area are related to the mode of water rinsing after toothbrushing.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Impact of medical and life-style factors on number of teeth in 68-year-old men in southern Sweden.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of general health and life-style factors on the number of remaining teeth in 68-year-old men living in the city of Malmö, Sweden. The study included 483 men (participation rate, 78%). Poor self-assessed health, frequent medical attendance, diabetes, and oral dryness were related to fewer remaining teeth. Number of teeth was negatively correlated to concentrations of triglycerides and alkaline phosphatases in serum and to glucose in blood but positively correlated to serum urea. Various dietary variables including consumption of sucrose-containing products and nutritional quality were not related either to number of teeth or to prevalence of edentulousness. Smoking and high consumption of coffee or alcohol were associated with fewer remaining teeth. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that social class, frequency of dental attendance, smoking, and serum concentrations of triglycerides and urea had an independent effect on number of teeth.

Aged↗

PubMed1996

Dental erosion, soft-drink intake, and oral health in young Saudi men, and the development of a system for assessing erosive anterior tooth wear.

The aim of the study was to investigate some aspects of the oral health of male Saudi military inductees with special reference to soft-drink consumption, dental erosion, caries and fluorosis prevalences; a second aim of the study was to develop a system for assessing dental erosion. The material comprised a random selection of 95 individuals with a mean age of 20.9 years (range, 19-25 years). A questionnaire survey was made of each individual's dietary and oral hygiene habits and general and oral health, in addition to clinical, study cast, radiographic, and photographic examinations. The results showed that soft-drink consumption in the sample (x = 247 1/year) far exceeded that found in Western populations and that professional and self-administered dental care were generally scant. Twenty-eight percent of the maxillary anterior teeth showed pronounced dental erosion. Fluorosis was a common finding, and the number of untreated carious cavities was high. DMFT (mean = 10.0; DT = 7.7; MT = 0.5; FT = 1.8) and DMFS (mean = 18.3; DS = 12.6; MS = 2.5; FS = 3.2) were higher than those of comparable Western populations and showed an approximately threefold increase over a period of about 18 years as compared with that previously reported in a similar Saudi sample. In view of the high frequencies of dental erosion, untreated carious cavities, and fluorosis reported here and the strong indication of an increasing caries prevalence, the need for serious recognition of the implications in the planning of future dental health care program is stressed.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Analysis of caries-related factors in infants and toddlers living in Sweden.

The aims of this study were 1) to investigate whether oral hygiene and dietary habits established at 1 year of age are maintained at 2 years of age and 2) to analyze caries-related factors with regard to oral health between the age of 1 and 3 years by using the salutogenic theory-that is, focusing on behavioral factors that do not result in impairment of health. Altogether 289 children were examined at 1, 2, and 3 years of age, and their parents were interviewed about the children's oral hygiene and dietary habits at 1 and 2 years of age. The result shows that caries-related habits, such as oral hygiene and dietary habits, established during infancy are maintained throughout early childhood. The principles of the salutogenic theory were found to be applicable when studying caries-related habits and oral health. Thus, if a dietary risk behavior is established at 1 year of age, the chance of remaining caries-free until 3 years of age is highest if good oral hygiene habits, including the use of fluoride toothpaste, are present at 2 years of age. We therefore conclude that comprehensive knowledge of a child's future dental health can be obtained by using chairside information-that is, interview of the parents and clinical examination of the children.

Chi-Square Distribution↗

PubMed1995

Dental caries and prolonged breast-feeding in 18-month-old Swedish children.

Three thousand children aged 18 months were screened for dental caries and ongoing breast-feeding at 46 child welfare centres in different parts of Sweden. Of these, 200 children were selected for a more comprehensive examination, involving investigation of dietary, toothbrushing and sucking habits, use of fluoride, and determination of salivary levels of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. The children were divided into four groups: group 1: children with caries not being breast-fed; group 2: children with caries being breast-fed; group 3: caries-free children being breast-fed; group 4: caries-free gender- and age-matched reference children not being breast-fed. The results showed that 63 of the children (2.1%) had caries and 61 (2.0%) were still being breast-fed. Twelve (19.7%) of the 61 children still being breast-fed had caries compared with 51 (1.7%) of the 2939 children not being breast-fed; the difference was statistically significant. Children with caries and still being breast-fed had a mean defs of 5.3, and those with caries not being breast-fed 4.9; the difference was not statistically significant. Children with caries, irrespective of whether they were being breast-fed or not, had significantly higher numbers of cariogenic food intakes per day than caries-free children. Mutans streptococci were detected in 67% of the children and lactobacilli in 13%. Children with detectable mutans streptococci and lactobacilli had significantly more caries than those without. The results indicate that Swedish children with prolonged breast-feeding have a tendency to establish unsuitable dietary habits which constitutes a risk situation for developing caries at an early age.

Age of Onset↗

PubMed1995

Comparison between 3 triclosan dentifrices on plaque, gingivitis and salivary microflora.

3 triclosan-containing dentifrices were compared in a 6-month, unsupervised tooth brushing study. The effects on plaque, gingival bleeding and certain salivary micro-organisms (mutans streptococci, lactobacilli, total counts of streptococci and total counts of micro-organisms) were evaluated. 123 subjects were divided into 4 groups according to severity of gingival bleeding index. 112 subjects completed the study. Following a 4-week pre-experimental period, using a sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice (placebo), the subjects were assigned to use one of 3 triclosan-containing dentifrices, available on the Swedish market: Colgate Paradent (a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice) (n = 26); Pepsodent Gum Health (a triclosan/zinc citrate dentifrice) (n = 31); Dentosal Friskt Tandkött (a triclosan/pyrophosphate dentifrice) (n = 28); or to continue with the placebo (n = 27). The results revealed that Colgate Paradent reduced baseline plaque values by 39% (Quigley and Hein) over the 6-month experimental period. The corresponding values for the other modalities were: a reduction of 6% for Pepsodent Gum Health, an increase of 5% for Dentosal Friskt Tandkött, and an increase of 2% for placebo. A significant difference in the plaque levels (p < 0.05) was found between Colgate Paradent and Pepsodent Gum Health and between Colgate Paradent and placebo. The gingival bleeding index was improved in all 4 groups. A significant difference (p < 0.05) was found with respect to bleeding between Colgate Paradent and placebo (p < 0.05) at the 3-month registration. A statistically significant increase over time in total number of streptococci and total colony forming units were found for the Dentosal, Pepsodent and placebo groups, but not for Colgate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Longitudinal study of caries, cariogenic bacteria and diet in children just before and after starting school.

Fifty 5-yr-old preschool children living in Akranes, a small community in West Iceland known to have a high caries prevalence, were investigated with respect to caries, salivary counts of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli, and consumption of cariogenic foods. Fifteen months later, after being in school for half a year, 43 of the 50 children were reexamined and investigated as before. Mean dmfs scores rose from 7.1 to 9.0, but the scores including initial caries rose from 9.7 to 15.3. Mutans streptococci were carried by 84% of children on both occasions with a mean count 2.1 and 3.6 x 10(5) cfu/ml. Lactobacillus carriage increased from 29 to 38% and the mean count from 5.1 to 13 x 10(3) cfu/ml at 6 yr. The frequency of consumption of sugar-containing foods increased from 4.2 to 5.2 intakes per day and between-meal snacks rose from 3.0 to 3.7 per day. Children classified as "misusing" sugar were 59% at 5 yr and 83% at 6 yr. The mean caries score at 6 yr for children "misusing" sugar was 10.7 but only 2.0 for those not misusing sugar. Thus the deterioration in dental health appears, in these children, to be associated with the increased consumption of sweets and other cariogenic between-meal snacks after starting school.

Child↗

PubMed1995

Uptake and release of fluoride from birch and lime toothpicks.

Birch and lime toothpicks were impregnated in a 4% sodium fluoride (NaF) solution for different periods of time, viz. 30 s, 30 min and 3 d. After impregnation for 30 min, an average of 4.1 mg NaF per birch toothpick was taken up. The corresponding value for lime toothpicks was 5.1 mg. About 60% of the fluoride (F) was released within 1 h in vitro when the toothpicks were kept in water. In vivo, the concentration of F was determined in whole saliva from five adults during 30 min after using birch toothpicks immersed in a 4% NaF solution. After 2 min, the mean salivary F concentration was 2.7 mM. Impregnation of birch toothpicks in 1, 2 or 3% NaF resulted in lower F concentrations both in vitro and in vivo, with a clear dose-response effect. When comparing the use of a 4% NaF impregnated birch toothpick, a mouthrinse with 10 ml of 0.025% NaF, sucking on a F tablet containing 0.55 mg NaF, and toothbrushing with 1 g of an 0.068% F (as NaF) dentifrice--all procedures carried out in the mouth during 2 min--the highest concentration of F in saliva was obtained after using the fluoridated toothpick. Thus, NaF impregnated birch and lime toothpicks show a quick release of F in vitro as well as in vivo and may be suitable as home care products for prevention of dental caries.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Effects of sugar restriction on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in saliva and dental plaque.

The effect of sugar restriction on the oral levels of mutans streptococci was studied in 20 subjects fulfilling three criteria: (1) having more than 300,000 CFU mutans streptococci/ml saliva, (2) harbouring both Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in saliva, and (3) eating sugar frequently. The subjects were randomly divided into a test group (n = 12), who were asked to refrain from using sugar-containing foods between meals and to reduce sugar in main meals for 6 weeks, and a control group (n = 8), who did not receive any dietary advice. Saliva and plaque samples were collected at baseline and at 3, 6 and 12 weeks. The results showed that the levels of S. mutans and S. sobrinus decreased in saliva and plaque during the 6-week sugar restriction period. The decrese in mutans streptococci was more pronounced on buccal than on approximal tooth surfaces. Both species seemed to react in a similar way to the sugar restriction in saliva as well as in dental plaque. At the follow-up examination at 12 weeks, i.e. 6 weeks after completing the sugar restriction period, the numbers of S. mutans and S. sobrinus had increased again, but were still lower when compared to the baseline values.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Effect of urea in sugar-free chewing gums on pH recovery in human dental plaque evaluated with three different methods.

The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of sugar-free chewing gums containing various amounts of urea on the pH recovery in dental plaque. Three plaque-measuring methods were used, i.e., the telemetric, the microtouch, and the sampling methods. The subjects who had refrained from toothbrushing for 3-7 days rinsed with either 10 or 50% (w/v) sucrose solutions and then chewed for 10 min: (1) one piece of chewing gum in a series of six tests in which the urea content increased from 10 to 80 mg per piece of gum: (2) one or two pieces of gum containing 20 mg urea, and (3) one, two, or three pieces of gum, one after the other, containing 20 mg urea. In some of the test series, a conventional sugarless gum was used as a control. A quick rise in plaque pH was found with all urea-containing chewing gums within the first minutes of chewing, and neutralization continued during the whole 10-min chewing periods. Higher concentrations of urea resulted in more pronounced pH recovery. Slightly higher plaque pH values were found when chewing on two pieces at a time of a 20-mg urea gum was compared with only one piece. Significantly higher pH values were recorded when using three pieces of chewing gum, one after the other (10 + 10 + 10 min), as compared with two pieces (10 + 10 min) or just one piece (10 min). In conclusion, all sugar-free chewing gums tested, particularly the urea-containing ones, initiated a pronounced pH recovery in dental plaque when chewed after a sucrose rinse.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗

PubMed1995

Effect of post-brushing water rinsing on caries-like lesions at approximal and buccal sites.

The aim was to study the effect of two different water rinsing procedures after toothbrushing with an NaF-containing dentifrice on the degree of de- or remineralization of enamel and dentine at approximal and buccal sites. Seven adults, wearing complete dentures, participated in two experimental periods (A and B) in a randomised order. During period A, they brushed with the dentifrice for 2 min, followed by 1-min active mouthrinse with the toothpaste-foam combined with 10 ml of water. No more water was used after the slurry had been spat out. During period B, the brushing was followed by 3 thorough rinsings of approximately 15 ml water each. These two procedures were carried out twice daily, i.e. in the morning (after breakfast) and in the evening (just before bedtime), during 3 months. Demineralized enamel and dentine samples were mounted at two locations--approximally and buccally--in the first molar region of the upper prostheses. Quantitative microradiography (TMR) was used to assess the lesion depth (ld) and the mineral loss (delta Z). The results showed that the approximally located samples continued to lose mineral during both periods A and B. However, the ld and delta Z values for enamel (p < 0.01) and dentine (p < 0.05) increased less during A than B. The buccally located enamel and dentine samples remineralized during the experiment, but no statistically significant differences were found for the ld and delta Z values of either enamel or dentine between periods A and B.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗