Budgeting skills (continuing education credit).
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Budgets↗
Biomedical subjects
D Bailey
Publications and source records attributed to D Bailey.
The assessment of discomfort in elderly confused patients: a preliminary study.
With the increasing numbers of older adults in our population, nurses are reexamining all aspects of nursing care in order to best meet the needs of these individuals. Normal age changes, the impact of decades of environmental challenges, successful adaptations, acute illnesses, trauma and chronic illnesses combine to create a challenge for accurate and effective assessment of elderly patients. The nurse finds her assessment skills challenged with increasing frequency by the elderly patient who is also acutely confused and experiencing discomfort. The purpose of this study was to explore the clinical utility, validity and reliability of four different approaches to nursing assessment of discomfort with this particularly vulnerable group of elders.
Aged↗
Use of ionising radiation by professional football clubs to assess asymptomatic transfer candidates.
The financial considerations of transfer candidates in the football league is such that a detailed medical examination as well as other investigations are required prior to a successful transfer. With this in mind the concern is raised that professional footballers may be exposed to excessive ionising radiation by undergoing unnecessary radiological imaging. Our study was conducted in order to assess the use of plain films in the assessment of transfer candidates in the premier league
Arthrography↗
Mucociliary clearance during and after isocapnic hyperventilation with dry air in the presence of frusemide.
We have previously shown that mucociliary clearance (MCC) decreased during and increased after isocapnic hyperventilation (ISH) with dry air, both in asthmatic and healthy subjects. Inhaled frusemide, an inhibitor of the Na+/K+/2Cl- and NaCl co-transporters on the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cell, prevents the airway narrowing provoked by ISH with dry air. The co-transport system controls epithelial cell volume and chloride secretion and, thus, frusemide has the potential to modify the rate of recovery of periciliary fluid volume during and after ISH with dry air, and hence affect MCC. Frusemide also blocks mediator release from mast cells, which may also modify the increase in MCC after ISH. Eleven asthmatic and 11 healthy subjects inhaled frusemide (35.7 +/- 0.44 mg) or its vehicle, from a Fisoneb ultrasonic nebulizer 30 min before ISH with dry air, on two separate occasions. MCC was measured using 99mTc-sulphur colloid and a gamma camera. Frusemide, compared to its vehicle, did not affect MCC during or 45 min after ISH. However, in the presence of frusemide, the onset of the increase of MCC after ISH was significantly delayed for approximately 10 min in the whole right lung (p < 0.002) and central region (p < 0.01) in the asthmatic but not in the healthy subjects. These findings could be explained by frusemide delaying the recovery of the periciliary fluid volume after ISH with dry air and/or interfering with the stimulus that causes the increase in MCC in the asthmatic subjects after ISH.
Adult↗
Analysis of the glycosylation patterns of the extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor expressed in Chinese hamster ovary fibroblasts.
The extracellular domain (621 N-terminal amino acids) of the p170 epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor has eleven consensus N-linked glycosylation sites. When expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells this was glycosylated with a combination of high mannose and complex chains. The latter chains were shown by chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric analysis of tryptic digests to be clustered in the EGF-binding domain. Treatment with the endoglycosidase, peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F), reduced the molecular weight from 110 kDa to 75 kDa. Released oligosaccharides were characterised at high sensitivity by high pH anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection and gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The data were consistent with the complex chains being trisialylated tetra-antennary oligosaccharides fucosylated on the reducing terminal GlcNAc. The large hydrodynamic mass of these oligosaccharides could influence ligand binding, an effect which is likely to vary with the difference in consensus glycosylation sites of proteins related to p170 i.e. p185erbB2/neu, p180erbB3 and p180erbB4.
Amidohydrolases↗
Germline p16INK4A mutation and protein dysfunction in a family with inherited melanoma.
The gene encoding the cell cycle inhibitor p16INK4A (also known as p16, MTS1, CDKN2 and INK4) has been mapped to human chromosome band 9p21, a region that also contains a putative melanoma susceptibility gene. Although germline mutations in the coding region of the p16INK4A gene have been detected in some families with inherited melanoma, many other families show no evidence of such mutations and hence the role of p16INK4A in the development of this tumor is still unclear. In this report, we describe a family with inherited melanoma in which a novel mutation in exon 2 of the p16INK4A gene segregates with the disease. The mutant gene encodes a protein with an in-frame deletion of two amino acids (Asp96 and Leu97). We show that the mutant protein is functionally abnormal: it is unable to bind cdk4 in vitro and does not inhibit colony formation in tertiary passage rat embryo fibroblasts. Moreover, in a metastatic lesion from one patient the wild type p16INK4A allele was deleted and the mutant allele retained. We conclude that family members carrying this germline mutation in the p16INK4A gene are predisposed to melanoma. By extension, these findings implicate the p16INK4A gene in the development of some cases of familial melanoma.
Alleles↗
Loss of heterozygosity of tumor suppressor genes in testis cancer.
Little is known of the molecular changes that occur in germ cell tumors (GCT) of the testis. We studied three GCT cell lines and 44 tumors for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the tumor suppressor genes APC, MCC, DCC, RB, TP53, and WT-1. We observed that LOH occurred in 55% (21 of 38) of informative cases at DCC, in 28% (10 of 36) of informative cases at APC, in 23% (6 of 26) at MCC, in 30% (13 of 43) at RB, and in 27% (6 of 22) at WT-1. The LOH level in these tumors using anonymous primers mapping to the short and long arms of chromosome 19, which is cytogenetically normal in GCT, revealed LOH of 11 and 5%, respectively. We also observed a LOH of 22% in the TP53 gene, despite the fact that mutations in TP53 do not occur in testis cancer. Since a high frequency of LOH at DCC (18q21.3) occurs equally at all histological subsets in GCT, we conclude that the loss of the function of this gene is an early event in testicular GCTs. However, the observed LOH levels at APC/MCC (5q21), RB (13q14), and WT-1 (11p13) could represent a functional loss of the corresponding tumor suppressor gene in some GCTs or reflect the loss of sequences in the same general chromosome region but involving a different tumor suppressor locus. Therefore, detailed mapping of these chromosomes is required to define the precise locations of maximal LOH in testis cancer.
Base Sequence↗
Dynamics of follicular growth and atresia of large follicles during the ovarian cycle of the guinea pig: fate of the degenerating follicles, a quantitative study.
BACKGROUND: A quantitative integrated study of healthy ovarian follicles of different sizes and their mitotic activity and of clearly defined atretic stages of involuting large growing follicles at different stages of the guinea pig ovarian cycle is not available in the literature. We considered that such a study would reveal new aspects of ovarian tissue dynamics and provide new information in an organ with a continuous phenotypic transformation of its cellular components. METHODS: Ovaries from guinea pigs were removed on days 1 (opening of the vagina), 3, 6, 9, 13, and 16 of the cycle, and the following were measured in serial sections: (1) total number of healthy follicles falling into categories based on the volume occupied by granulosa cells, (2) total number of atretic follicles falling into clearly defined morphological stages of the degenerative and involutionary process affecting medium to large follicles, and (3) proportion of metaphase-arrested granulosa cells, after colcemid injection, in healthy follicles of different size categories. RESULTS: Dynamic patterns of follicular growth and degeneration were revealed that permitted the following main conclusions and observations: (1) small to middle-size follicles can reach the maximal category mass of granulosa mass within 6-7 days, and the number of granulosa cells can increase 6-7-fold during this interval, (2) the cohort that gives rise to 2-6 preovulatory follicles and to the large follicles that will undergo atresia during each cycle varied from 68 to 108 follicles, (3) cell death starts in the granulosa cell layers of large follicles even when neighbouring cells maintain a high mitotic activity and it spreads rapidly; dead granulosa cells are cleare by nucleolysis and cytolysis in the absence of blood leucocytes or neovascularization, (4) foci of atresia are observed also in a few preovulatory follicles, (5) antral cavities of follicles with dead granulosa cells in the process of being lysed shrink and are filled within 2-3 days with large fibroblast-like cells arising from phenotypic transformation of inner layers of theca interna, with no evidence of mitotic activity or angiogenesis; the outer layers of theca interna involute, and by progressive atrophy and a process of cell death, minute nodular structures arise with remnants of the ovum and zona pellucida, and (6) a transient wave of degeneration affects a proportion of small and middle-size follicles during the metestrous period. This process does not resemble the morphological phenomenology of follicular involution, which affects only large follicles. CONCLUSIONS: This study contributes to a fuller understanding of the dynamics and time relationships of follicular growth and loss in the guinea pig ovary and provides new morphogenetic information on the atretic process. It would be valuable for the design of experiments on endocrine and paracrine interactions involved in follicular growth and atresia.
Animals↗
Smoking without nicotine delivery decreases withdrawal in 12-hour abstinent smokers.
The contribution of sensory factors to smoking satisfaction and nicotine withdrawal symptoms was assessed by evaluating responses to three types of cigarettes: a regular cigarette, a de-nicotinized cigarette (de-nic), and a lettuce leaf cigarette. Doses were varied by requiring subjects to smoke cigarettes using a five-port cigarette manifold. The ratio of the regular or de-nic cigarettes to the lettuce cigarettes was varied across the following values: zero, one, two, and four of five. Seven male smokers were tobacco-deprived for 12 h before testing. On one test day they smoked the de-nic cigarettes, and on another day they smoked the regular cigarettes. Ratings of satisfaction and cigarette linking were directly related to the number of regular or de-nic cigarettes, but were generally higher after the regular cigarette. The regular and de-nic cigarettes were equivalent in reducing acute withdrawal symptoms. Expired CO was similar on both experimental days. The regular cigarette dose-dependently increased plasma nicotine, but the de-nic cigarette did not increase plasma nicotine. These results indicate that sensory characteristics of cigarettes contribute to the abuse liability of smoke-delivered nicotine. The results suggest that smoking cigarettes that do not provide nicotine may temporarily suppress cigarette withdrawal symptoms.
Adult↗
The Drosophila trithorax proteins contain a novel variant of the nuclear receptor type DNA binding domain and an ancient conserved motif found in other chromosomal proteins.
The products of the trithorax gene are required to stably maintain homeotic gene expression patterns established during embryo-genesis by the action of the transiently expressed segmentation genes. We have determined the intron/exon structure of the trx gene and the large alternatively spliced trx RNAs, which are capable of encoding only two protein isoforms. These very large trx proteins differ only in a long Ser- and Gly-rich N-terminal extension, encoded by exon II, which is present only in the larger trx isoform. We have identified a novel variant of the highly conserved nuclear receptor type of DNA binding domain. We have found that the previously identified Cys-rich central region contains multiple novel zinc finger motifs which are also present in the Polycomb-like protein and RBP2, a retinoblastoma binding protein. The trx proteins terminate with another novel conserved domain which we have identified in proteins from three kingdoms, including plants and fungi, indicating that has an ancient origin. Many of these proteins are chromosomally associated, suggesting that this domain may be involved in interactions between trx and other highly conserved components of chromatin involved in transcription regulation. The sequence alterations of trx mutations identify the highly conserved regions of trx as critical for the function of these large proteins. We show that zygotically expressed trx RNAs encoding the larger protein isoform are initially expressed in a spatially restricted pattern which overlaps the expression domains of the BX-C genes Ubx, abd-A and Abd-B. This pattern is transient and evolves into a broader expression domain encompassing the entire germ band during the extended germ band stage.
Alternative Splicing↗
Chromosome specific paints from a high resolution flow karyotype of the mouse.
Chromosomes from antigen stimulated B-cells from spleens of inbred mice have been separated using flow cytometry into 18 distinguishable peaks. Using locus-specific oligonucleotides and fluorescence in situ hybridization to banded metaphase spreads, 15 individual chromosomes were identified: 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19, X and Y. The remaining six chromosomes, occurring as pairs in three peaks, 4 with 5, 10 with 13, and 14 with 15, were resolved by flow sorting chromosomes from mice carrying an appropriate homozygous translocation and 4, 5 and 14 have been isolated in this way. This is the first demonstration of how a complete set of mouse chromosome paints can be produced.
Animals↗
Health professionals and breastfeeding counseling: client and provider views.
Health care providers are the most influential and trusted source of information about breastfeeding, yet many are neither prepared nor able to provide good breastfeeding counseling to their clients. This paper reports findings on low-income mothers' and on providers' perceptions of professional breastfeeding counseling. Data collection included focus group discussions with mothers recruited from public health department clinics in the Southeast USA and who were stratified by age, parity, rural/urban residence and feeding method, and focus groups and individual interviews were conducted with health care providers from the same geographic area. The results of the study indicate a gap between the promotion and support processes for breastfeeding, and point to areas where breastfeeding counseling can be strengthened.
Attitude of Health Personnel↗
Effects of P2-purinoceptor antagonists on ecto-nucleotidase activity of guinea-pig vas deferens cultured smooth muscle cells.
Ecto-nucleotidase activity was studied on primary cultures of guinea-pig vas deferens smooth muscle cells by measuring the inorganic phosphate (Pi) production using ATP as a substrate. The ecto-nucleotidase was insensitive to ouabain, oligomycin, sodium azide, p-nitrophenyl phosphate and B-glycerophosphate. Enzyme activity was highly dependent on either Ca2+ or Mg2+. Antagonists of P2X-purinoceptors, pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'- disulphonic acid, 4'4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2'2'- disulphonate, suramin and pyridoxal-5-phosphate, significantly inhibited ecto-nucleotidase activity. In contrast, the P1-purinoceptor antagonists, 8-p-sulphophenyl theophylline and 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine, did not affect the enzyme activity. Thus, when P2-purinoceptors are studied by testing agonists and antagonists potencies, the inhibition of ecto-nucleotidase activity by currently available P2-purinoceptor antagonists should be taken into account.
Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
Dipyridamole directly inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo: implications in the treatment of restenosis after angioplasty.
OBJECTIVES: The effect of dipyridamole on smooth muscle cell proliferation and prevention of intimal thickening after arterial injury was investigated. BACKGROUND: In addition to antiplatelet activity, dipyridamole also inhibits cell proliferation. We examined whether the antiproliferative action of dipyridamole on smooth muscle cells, as demonstrated here, has a direct effect on intimal thickening after vascular injury. METHODS: Cell proliferation was determined by measuring deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis and by cell counting. The in vivo effect of locally delivered dipyridamole was determined in a rabbit model with carotid or femoral artery injury. RESULTS: Dipyridamole produced a dose-dependent inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation, producing 50% inhibition at 7 micrograms/ml. Structural analogues SH-869 and mopamidol were 10 to 100 times less effective than dipyridamole, suggesting that cell growth inhibition may be unrelated to the antiplatelet activity of dipyridamole. Inhibition of cell proliferation by dipyridamole was attenuated by increasing the serum concentration in the culture medium. Bypassing serum by local delivery of dipyridamole at the periadventitial site produced 63% inhibition (p < 0.05) of cell replication in balloon-injured arteries. Locally delivered dipyridamole also inhibited intimal thickening (20%, p < 0.05) after balloon injury. CONCLUSIONS: Dipyridamole inhibited smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro. This activity was attenuated by serum proteins. Locally delivered dipyridamole inhibited cell replication in arteries and intimal thickening after balloon injury. These results suggest that although systemic treatment with dipyridamole may not be efficacious because of inadequate serum levels, its antiproliferative action on smooth muscle cells may reduce restenosis when the drug is delivered locally after coronary angioplasty.
Angioplasty, Balloon↗
A structural comparison of 21 inhibitor complexes of the aspartic proteinase from Endothia parasitica.
The aspartic proteinases are an important family of enzymes associated with several pathological conditions such as hypertension (renin), gastric ulcers (pepsin), neoplastic disease (cathepsins D and E), and AIDS (HIV proteinase). Studies of inhibitor binding are therefore of great importance for design of novel inhibitors for potential therapeutic applications. Numerous X-ray analyses have shown that transition-state isostere inhibitors of aspartic proteinases bind in similar extended conformations in the active-site cleft of the target enzyme. Upon comparison of 21 endothiapepsin inhibitor complexes, the hydrogen bond lengths were found to be shortest where the isostere (P1-P'1) interacts with the enzyme's catalytic aspartate pair. Hydrogen bonds with good geometry also occur at P'2, and more so at P3, where a conserved water molecule is involved in the interactions. Weaker interactions also occur at P2, where the side-chain conformations of the inhibitors appear to be more variable than at the more tightly held positions. At P2 and, to a lesser extent, P3, the side-chain conformations depend intriguingly on interactions with spatially adjacent side chains, namely P'1 and P1, respectively. The tight binding at P1-P'1, P3, and P'2 is also reflected in the larger number of van der Waals contacts and the large decreases in solvent-accessible area at these positions, as well as their low temperature factors. Our analysis substantiates earlier proposals for the locations of protons in the transition-state complex. Aspartate 32 is probably ionized in the complexes, its charge being stabilized by 1, or sometimes 2, hydrogen bonds from the transition-state analogues at P1. The detailed comparison also indicates that the P1 and P2 residues of substrate in the ES complex may be strained by the extensive binding interactions at P3, P'1, and P'2 in a manner that would facilitate hydrolysis of the scissile peptide bond.
Ascomycota↗
Metal affinity partitioning.
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Amino Acid Sequence↗