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Biomedical subjects

D B Calne

Publications and source records attributed to D B Calne.

At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Severity of Parkinson's disease and the dosage of bromocriptine.

In view of reports that low-dose bromocriptine (15 mg or less daily) therapy is effective in Parkinson's disease, we undertook a retrospective study of 79 patients with Parkinson's disease to evaluate factors that affect the optimal daily dose of bromocriptine in subjects whose intake of levodopa was decreased as bromocriptine was introduced. Doses of bromocriptine 15 mg or less daily were seldom therapeutic; doses of over 15 mg, up to 30 mg, were appropriate for patients with mild, early disease. Those with more severe symptoms of longer duration usually required larger doses. The optimal daily requirement of bromocriptine was correlated to the severity and duration of the illness, but not to the age of the patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Effortful and automatic memory: effects of dopamine.

With advancing age, there are changes in both cognitive functions and neurotransmitter metabolism. Dopamine plays a role in learning, memory, and related cognitive processes. We evaluated the effects of supplemental dopamine in precursor form (levodopa) on various aspects of memory in elderly normal volunteers in a controlled, double-blind study. Access to semantic memory and automatic processes were unaffected, but levodopa reliably facilitated effortful memory processing. Levodopa may be useful clinically in attenuating impairments in effortful cognitive tasks. Different neural systems probably mediate different forms of cognition.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Lesions of the putamen and dystonia: CT and magnetic resonance imaging.

We studied posthemiplegic hemidystonia in an adult, and generalized dystonia in two children. CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in the adult revealed infarction of the contralateral putamen and, to a much lesser extent, the head of the caudate nucleus. Both children had subacute encephalopathies (possible Leigh's disease), and CT revealed bilateral putamen lesions when generalized dystonia was the predominant clinical disorder. These cases and other reports of symptomatic dystonia suggest that lesions of the putamen correlate with dystonia.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed1984

Pharmacology of Parkinson's disease.

The approach to treatment of Parkinson's disease depends on the severity of symptoms at presentation and the response to previous therapy. The pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's disease is discussed with respect to management of cardinal symptoms, management of associated features, and future directions for therapy.

Amantadine↗
PubMed1984

Diagnosis and management of Parkinson's disease.

Advances in the understanding of parkinsonism have done much to ensure correct diagnosis and more rational management. The authors offers an updated approach to the difficult-to-diagnose early stages, as well as management strategies for the duration of the disease.

Bromocriptine↗
PubMed1983

Current views on Parkinson's disease.

Since the introduction of levodopa therapy, there have been major advances in the understanding and treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, the problems and limitations associated with this form of treatment are now becoming increasingly apparent. This article reviews some of the current knowledge concerning the etiology and pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease and discusses some practical approaches to drug therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Essential tremor.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1983

Parkinson's disease in 65 pairs of twins and in a set of quadruplets.

Among 43 monozygotic (MZ) and 19 dizygotic (DZ) pairs in which an index case had definite Parkinson's disease (PD), only one MZ pair was definitely concordant for PD. When pairs with questionable clinical features were included, 4 of 48 MZ and 1 of 19 DZ pairs were concordant. The frequency of PD in MZ cotwins of index cases with PD was similar to that expected in an unrelated control group matched for age and sex. Although we were unable to identify a single environmental agent, we conclude that the major factors in the etiology of PD are nongenetic.

Female↗
PubMed1983

Olfactory impairment in Parkinson's disease.

In comparison with closely matched controls, patients with Parkinson's disease had reduced scores in tests of odor detection and qualitative discrimination. Olfactory impairment was not related to age, duration of symptoms, treatment, intellectual function, or genetic factors and seemed to be a nonmotor manifestation of the disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of pergolide and bromocriptine therapy in parkinsonism.

Twenty-four parkinsonian patients compared pergolide and bromocriptine therapy in a randomized double-blind, two-period crossover study. Both drugs were adjusted to an optimal balance between benefits and side effects. The mean daily dose and dose range for pergolide and bromocriptine were 3.3 mg (0.7 to 7.2) and 42.7 mg (5.8 to 87.5), respectively. Adjunctive medications, which for most patients included levodopa (plus carbidopa), were not altered during the study. A similar spectrum of clinical effects was found with both drugs and with lisuride, which was used to treat 13 of the patients in a previous study. Despite neurochemical differences in the antiparkinsonian ergots, their clinical utility is quite similar. We draw attention to hepatotoxicity and pleural reactions that may occur rarely with these drugs.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Episodic hyperhidrosis, hypothermia, and agenesis of corpus callosum.

Episodic hyperhidrosis and hypothermia are the primary symptoms of a rare central nervous system disorder of thermoregulation which is often associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum and can present in childhood or adult years. During attacks, patients may exhibit confused, withdrawn, and lethargic behavior and ataxia or other neurologic symptoms. A 21-year-old man with temperature chronically between 30 and 32 degrees C transiently responded to phenobarbital and to cyproheptadine therapy. A 34-year-old woman with frequent, brief episodes of hypothermia and hyperhidrosis improved with chlorpromazine treatment. Episodic thermoregulatory disturbance has been attributed to "vagal attacks" or "diencephalic epilepsy," but the pathophysiology remains undefined.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Lisuride treatment in Parkinson's disease: clinical and pharmacokinetic studies.

Our study of 28 patients has shown lisuride to share a comparable profile of antiparkinsonian effects and adverse reactions to that found with bromocriptine. The similarity in clinical response to lisuride and bromocriptine in the same group of patients contrasts with the pharmacological differences that have been established between them in animal studies. There were considerable individual differences in the patients' preference of bromocriptine or lisuride. The daily intake requirements of each drug for optimal benefit also varied widely from one patient to another. The preliminary results of pharmacokinetic studies with lisuride suggest several explanations for the differences in daily dosage requirements. Although the mean optimal daily dose of lisuride was 4.5 mg, some patients required up to 10 mg. Eleven of the patients have continued on lisuride for more than 1 year. Our clinical impression is that problems with chronic levodopa therapy, such as dyskinesia and fluctuations in efficacy, are reduced in some patients taking either lisuride or bromocriptine.

Bromocriptine↗
PubMed1983

Methods for evaluating treatment in Parkinson's disease.

Objective measurements of movement time, reaction time, and gait were compared with a clinical rating performed at the same times on several occasions in 10 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Positive correlations between objective measures and clinical evaluation were demonstrated. Movement time was the single most useful index of motor deficit, but no objective tests were more sensitive than clinical evaluations in the detection of motor disorder. It is concluded that there is at present no effective substitute for clinical procedures, although the convenience and future potential of objective measurement justify the further development of such systems for use in the experimental study of PD.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The role of various forms of treatment in the management of Parkinson's disease.

Each of the various antiparkinsonian agents plays a role in the management of patients in varying stages of the disease. Newly diagnosed patients rarely require any treatment; those with moderate manifestations may benefit from treatment with either amantadine or with anticholinergic agents. Levodopa therapy is indicated in patients with severe disease or when the patient's livelihood or psychologic well-being is threatened by parkinsonian manifestations. Dyskinesia, dementia, or "on-off" phenomena associated with chronic levodopa therapy may be managed by the use of ergot derivatives, drug holidays, and in special circumstances, stereotactic surgery.

Amantadine↗