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Biomedical subjects

D A Roe

Publications and source records attributed to D A Roe.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Congenital malformations and variations in reproductive performance in the ferret: effects of maternal age, color and parity.

Demographic data of ferrets from a commercial breeding colony were analyzed for the effects of maternal age, parity and strain on reproductive performance and the frequency of gross congenital abnormalities observed at parturition. Litter size (mean +/- SEM) was found to be greatest for young, primiparous females (10.3 +/- 0.2) and decreased with advancing maternal age and parity to a cohort mean of 8.1 +/- 0.1 for third parity females 16 months of age. Age, parity or strain had no effect on 24-hour neonatal mortality (7%) or mortality from birth to weaning (20%) and an examination of the causes for death suggested that these rates can be reduced. The malformation rate from two cohorts of females whelping at different times of the year was low (less than 1.0%) and not significantly different. A higher frequency of malformed offspring was detected in females of low previous parity (0-2) than in those with three or more. Based on data obtained in this survey, the ferret would seem a valuable alternative, nonrodent species for teratologic investigations using currently recommended protocols.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Prediction of the cause, effects, and prevention of drug-nutrient interactions using attributes and attribute values.

Drug-nutrient interactions and their adverse outcomes have previously been identified by observation, investigation, and literature reports. Knowing the attributes of the drugs, availability of knowledge base management systems for microcomputer use can facilitate prediction of the mechanism and the effects of drug-nutrient interactions. Examples used to illustrate this approach are prediction of lactose intolerance in drug-induced malabsorption, and prediction of the mechanism responsible for drug-induced flush reactions. In the future we see that there may be many opportunities to use this system further in the investigation of complex drug-nutrient interactions.

Drug Interactions↗
PubMed1984

Fetal alcohol syndrome in the ferret (Mustela putorius).

Gastric intubation of 1.5 g ethanol/kg maternal body weight produced a significant teratogenic response in ferrets (Mustela putorius) treated once daily from gestational days 15 through 35. This response was evident by a rise in the frequency of fetuses with one or more malformations (21%), and by a rise in the frequency of litters with one or more malformed fetuses (50%). Palatoschisis and greater relative intermedial canthi distance observed in this study are diagnostic features of the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Although mean (+/- SEM) peak blood alcohol levels of 207 +/- 9 mg/dl did not affect other reproductive parameters, high doses of alcohol (3.0 g/kg) resulted in the inability of treated females to consume adequate food or water, in the complete resorption of litters, and in significant maternal mortality (88%). Fetal deaths occurred prior to gestation day 17 in the high-dose alcohol group. Based on objective evaluation of differences among ethanol-treated, pair-fed sucrose-treated, and untreated ad libitum diet controls, the ferret would seem a valuable alternative animal species for future studies of FAS.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed1984

Effects of aerobic exercise and weight loss on riboflavin requirements of moderately obese, marginally deficient young women.

In a previous study, exercise was shown to increase riboflavin requirements of active, normal weight young women. The present study examined the effect of exercise and weight loss on riboflavin status of moderately overweight women. The experiment was designed as a two-period cross-over with an initial base-line period and two 5-wk metabolic periods. The basic diet contained 1200 kcal with a riboflavin concentration of 0.8 mg/1000 kcal. Exercise consisted of a program of dance exercise. Riboflavin depletion, as measured by increased erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficients and decreased urinary excretion of riboflavin, occurred during both nonexercise and exercise periods. Erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficients increased from a base-line mean of 1.28 +/- 0.11 to 1.40 +/- 0.12 during nonexercise and to 1.49 +/- 0.16 during exercise. Urinary excretion of riboflavin fell from 48 +/- 12% of intake during base-line to 30 +/- 13% during nonexercise and to 19 +/- 6% during exercise. Riboflavin depletion was not related to the rate or composition of weight loss or to change in aerobic capacity.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Effect of ethanol consumed in combination with high or low fat diets on the postinitiation phase of hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat.

In this study, the effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on the modification of the postinitiation phase of hepatocarcinogenesis was examined. Hepatic lesions were initiated in Sprague-Dawley rats by administration of 10 doses of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) over a 2-week period. Following a week of acclimation rats were fed ethanol (35% of caloric intake) in low fat (11% of calories) or high fat (35% of calories) AIN-76-based liquid diets according to a unique feeding regime for 12 weeks. The effect of ethanol on the development of hepatic gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)-positive foci and on nutrient status was evaluated. Only those rats consuming ethanol with a high fat diet developed fatty livers, but all those consuming ethanol had low hepatic vitamin A and glutathione levels compared to pair-fed and ad libitum-fed controls. Despite these changes, no effect of ethanol consumption on the formation of GGT-positive foci was observed. Rats fed a high fat diet had an increased number and size of foci compared to rats on a low fat diet (P less than or equal to 0.01). It was concluded that despite these effects of ethanol on several physiological parameters, modification of the development of presumptive preneoplastic hepatic foci was not affected.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMed1983

Effects of exercise on riboflavin requirements of young women.

The riboflavin requirement of young women during periods of sedentary living and exercise was determined during a 12-wk metabolic study. The study was divided into a 6-wk no exercise period followed by a 6-wk exercise period in which subjects jogged around a track for 20 to 50 min/day. Twelve subjects, aged 19 to 27 yr, were fed a basic diet containing 0.6 mg riboflavin/1000 kcal of intake. Riboflavin intake was increased by 0.2 mg/1000 kcal increments by provision of riboflavin in a glucose polymer mixture. Linear regression analysis was used to estimate the riboflavin intake required for an erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient of 1.25 during both the no exercise and exercise periods. Individual riboflavin requirements ranged from 0.62 to 1.21 mg/1000 kcal before exercise and 0.63 to 1.4 mg/1000 kcal during the exercise periods. Riboflavin requirement could not be related to the kilocalorie intake or lean body mass of the subjects. It is concluded that healthy young women require more riboflavin to achieve biochemical normality than the 1980 Recommended Dietary Allowances and that exercise increases riboflavin requirements.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The influence of dietary fiber source on human intestinal transit and stool output.

Wheat bran ground to a coarse and fine particle size, purified cellulose and ethanol-extracted cabbage fiber, fed to 24 adult males during an 80-day metabolic trial, were examined for effects on intestinal transit time, laxation and stool composition. Brilliant blue, plastic pellets, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-4000 and Cr(III) mordanted onto isolated bran fiber were simultaneously administered for transit measurements. Intersubject variability in response to fiber source was highly significant for all transit and stool measurements. Only coarse bran or cellulose addition increased transit speed (decreased transit time) over basal rates. Grinding of bran significantly reduced fecal output because of reduced fecal water. Only subjects consuming cellulose or fine bran reported difficult or uncomfortable defecations. Though cabbage produced the smallest fecal output, stools had a high moisture content comparable to those obtained from coarse bran, which suggests a large microbial output in response to a fermentable substrate. Significant negative correlations were produced when changes in dry matter or cell wall intakes were regressed with Cr (III) transit. These findings suggest that the level of either food or fiber in the diet are variables that influence intestinal transit time and should be controlled in studies measuring it. Increases in fiber intake linearly increased fecal output of water and dry matter. Regression slopes were characteristic of each fiber source.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Drugs and nutrient absorption.

From our present state of knowledge of drug effects on nutrient absorption, we are able to conclude that drugs may promote, retard, or inhibit nutrient uptake. Drug-nutrient interactions can be intraluminal and direct, or extraluminal with indirect influence of the drug on nutrient absorption. We have learned that drug-induced malabsorption becomes symptomatic and causes nutritional deficiencies with chronic use of drugs that have the potential to cause malabsorption, or with abuse of such drugs. Finally, we are impressed by predisposing factors, which include the disease for which the drug is administered, the time at which the drug is taken, alcohol intake, and preexistent malnutrition, and which can contribute to the etiology of the malabsorption state.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effects of maternal ethanol consumption on the ontogeny of gluconeogenesis in the perinatal period.

Ethanol-induced birth defects may be metabolic or structural. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on the ontogeny of gluconeogenic enzymes. Female rats were fed either liquid diets containing 35% ethanol-derived calories or control diets with isocaloric substitution of corn oil for ethanol. Control diets were pair-fed or given ad libitum. Animals were acclimated to the liquid diets for 7 weeks prior to breeding and the diets were continued through gestation. On day 21, at 4 hr post-caesarean section, ethanol-exposed pups exhibited reduced activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase when compared to pair-fed and ad libitum controls. It is concluded that prenatal ethanol exposure delays or impairs the development of gluconeogenic enzymes.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Dietary control of human studies related to aging and drug disposition or response.

A high prevalence of adverse drug reactions (ADR) in the elderly has been explained as an outcome of multiple drug usage and slowed drug metabolism. Altered drug disposition occurs with aging but aging may not explain either the alteration in the rates of metabolism of specific drugs in older people or ADR. It is proposed that changes in the rates of drug metabolism in older people may be diet-related. Designs of human studies to separate effects of age from those of diet on drug metabolism are described. Examples are given of acute and chronic ADR that are diet or nutrition related. It is concluded that control of the diet is not only important in investigations of drug metabolism but also as a means of reducing the incidence of ADR in geriatric clinical practice.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

The prevalence and the etiology of the nutritional anemias in Guyana.

A survey was carried out in Guyana to determine the prevalence and the etiology of the nutritional anemias among both sexes, in various age groups, and in pregnant and lactating women. The sample consisted of 590 subjects drawn from 103 households selected by multistage cluster sampling. Anthropometric and hematological measurements and stool investigations for intestinal parasites were carried out in each subject. Socioeconomic and other demographic data were obtained for each household. High prevalences of anemia, although of a relatively mild degree, were found among all age groups especially among pregnant and lactating women. The major factors related to Hb levels were found to be inadequate consumption of food rich in the erythropoietic nutrients, iron deficiency, age, sex, pregnancy, household income, and percentage of household income spent on food. A number of socioeconomic and other demographic variables were associated with anemia. More anemia was found in urban than in rural areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Factors affecting riboflavin requirements of oral contraceptive users and nonusers.

Riboflavin depletion has been identified in women on oral contraceptives (OC) but change in riboflavin nutriture has not been consistently demonstrated in all OC user groups studied. Discrepant findings in reports have been attributed to differences of pill formulation or riboflavin intake. Aims of this study were to compare the riboflavin requirements of healthy OC users and nonusers on diets prepared in a metabolic unit. A single daily menu and meal pattern was used. The basic diet providing riboflavin at a level of 0.6 mg/1000 kcal was used in the period of acclimation and period 1. In periods 2 and 3, the riboflavin content of the diet was increased to 0.8 and 1.0 mg/1000 kcal, respectively. The riboflavin status of subjects was monitored by erythrocyte glutathione reductase assay and urinary riboflavin excretion. Eight women on OC and 10 nonusers participated. Erythrocyte glutathione reductase assay values and urinary riboflavin excretion showed intersubject and interperiod differences but no significant group differences (OC versus non-OC) in erythrocyte glutathione reductase values or in urinary riboflavin per g creatinine. It was concluded that when dietary intake is controlled, OC do not significantly influence riboflavin status. Riboflavin needs were related to energy requirements of the subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Nutritional anemias in the English-speaking Caribbean: a review of the literature.

A review of the published literature on nutritional anemias in the English-speaking Caribbean was carried out. Published articles on the subject are few in number and are concentrated in the larger islands such as Jamaica and Trinidad. Nutritional anemias are most prevalent among women of childbearing age. Iron and folate deficiencies and, to a much lesser extent, protein deficiency resulting from insufficient dietary intakes of these nutrients are the major nutritional factors contributing to this anemia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Nutritional status of women attending family planning clinics.

A study was carried out to define nutritional problems of women attending family planning clinics (FPCs). Methods of nutritional assessment were chosen to examine relationships between diet and biochemical measures of folacin, riboflavin, and vitamin A status. Findings showed that in the sample of 219 FPC women, 30 percent were obese, 75 percent were low or deficient in plasma folacin, 58 percent were low or deficient in erythrocyte folacin, and 39 percent were low or deficient in riboflavin status (by erythrocyte glutathione reductase assay). Monotonous diets, low plasma folacin, and obesity were characteristic of less well-educated women. Women on contraceptive steroids had slightly lower red blood cell folacin. Riboflavin status was not related to intake of contraceptive steroids but was related to ethnicity.

Adolescent↗