Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

D A Raines

Publications and source records attributed to D A Raines.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Values influencing neonatal nurses' perceptions and choices.

The purpose of this research was to identify the values influencing the nurses' perception and choice of behavior in a hypothetical clinical situation. The theoretical framework was Rokeach's theory on the nature of human values and value systems. A descriptive study using a mailed survey was conducted on a random sample of 331 members of the National Association of Neonatal Nurses. Data on individual nurse's values, perception of information, and behavioral choices were collected with an investigator-developed questionnaire consisting of a values scale, and an information scale and choice alternatives related to three hypothetical vignettes: a low-birthweight infant, an infant with chromosomal anomalies, and a chronically ill infant. Results of this study indicate that nurses identified a hierarchy of values related to their practice. Information related to infant characteristics was consistently most important; however, in uncertain situations, rules or external protocols had an increased influence on the behavioral choice process. The behavioral choice option with the greatest agreement was different for each situation. A consistently negative correlation between the options within each vignette indicates that nurses have clearly defined choice preferences. Model testing revealed a consistent relationship across the three vignettes between the variable being just and protocol, doing right and infant characteristics, and infant characteristics and the choice options (p < .05).

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Elimination of antipyrine and its metabolites in interferon treated hepatitis C.

1. To study the effect of interferon on hepatic drug metabolism in chronic hepatitis C, we examined nine patients before and at the end of 6 months of interferon treatment. 2. Routine liver function was determined together with the salivary clearance of antipyrine and the 48 h urinary excretion of the main metabolites of antipyrine: 4-hydroxyantipyrine, 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine and norantipyrine before and after 6 months of interferon treatment. 3. Liver pathology, routine liver function, and antipyrine metabolism remained unchanged after patients were treated for 6 months with interferon for a histologically advanced but clinically compensated chronic hepatitis C.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1994

Elimination studies of antipyrine and its metabolites in healthy Saudi Arabians.

1. We measured the antipyrine clearance in 18 healthy Saudi subjects and determined the urinary excretion of three of its metabolites: 4-hydroxyantipyrine (4-OH AP), norantipyrine (NOR AP) and 3 hydroxymethylantipyrine (3-OHM AP) in 21 subjects. 2. The mean +/- SD of the antipyrine clearance was 2.4 +/- 1.1 h-1 (range 1.0-5.5 l h-1) and the corresponding value per kg body weight was 0.6 +/- 0.2 ml min-1 kg-1. Urinary excretion of antipyrine (AP), 4-OH AP, NOR AP and 3-OHM AP expressed as a percentage of the oral dose of antipyrine given was 2.8 +/- 2.2, 14.5 +/- 6.9, 12.3 +/- 5.6 and 7.6 +/- 3.2 respectively. 3. Compared to Africans, Saudis preferentially metabolize AP to NOR AP and compared to Caucasians to 3-OHM AP, rather than to 4-OH AP. These discrepancies may reflect age differences between the study populations rather than genetic or ethnic variations.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

Concurrent liquid chromatographic measurement of fluoxetine, amitriptyline, imipramine, and their active metabolites norfluoxetine, nortriptyline, and desipramine in plasma.

An expedient and specific liquid chromatographic method for a concurrent measurement of fluoxetine (FLU), norfluoxetine (NFLU), amitriptyline (AMI), nortriptyline (NTRIP), imipramine (IMI), and desipramine (DES) is described. Using a mixture of acetonitrile:methanol:0.056 M ammonium acetate:1 M ammonium hydroxide (100:10:4.5:2.6, by volume) as mobile phase, the compounds along with doxepin (DOX) (internal standard) were separated on a 10 mu, 8 mm x 10 cm C18 Resolve cartridge in conjunction with radial compression liquid chromatographic module, and were detected in the effluent spectrophotometrically at 220 nm. A hexane:isoamyl alcohol (98:2, by volume) solution was used for extraction of plasma and the drugs were removed from the organic phase with 0.03% phosphoric acid prior to injection. Under these conditions, no interference in the assay was observed, and the retention times of NFLU, DOX, FLU, AMI, IMI, NTRIP, and DES were 7.8, 11.6, 16, 17.8, 20.9, 31, and 35 min, respectively. The assay was highly linear (r > 0.994), and the within- and between-day coefficient of variance was consistently < or = 9.8%. This assay is currently being used to simultaneously measure these drugs in patients and to investigate their steady-state pharmacokinetics when used in combination.

Amitriptyline↗
PubMed1993

Effect of diabetic state and related disorders on the urinary excretion of magnesium and zinc in patients.

We examined the urinary excretion of magnesium and zinc in 175 diabetics [19 insulin-dependent (type I) and 156 insulin-independent (type II)] and in 160 control subjects of the same origin by determining the ratio of the concentration of each of these metals to that of creatinine (creat). Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used for analyzing Mg and Zn in urine. There was no significant difference in the urinary excretion of Mg between the control group [mean (SEM) = 362.6 (15.1) mmole of Mg/mole of creat] and the overall [350.2 (15.7) mmole Mg/mole creat], type I [368.4 (45.0) mmole Mg/mole creat], or type II [347.9 (16.7) mmole Mg/mole creat] diabetics regardless of the disorders associated with diabetes (cardiovascular diseases, neuropathy, retinopathy, infections, and hepatic disease). In contrast, diabetics of both types [2.67 (0.14) mmole Zn/mole creat] with or without a diabetes associated disorder excreted significantly (p = 0.031 to 0.0000) more Zn than did the control subjects [1.76 (0.09) mmole Zn/mole creat]. There was positive correlation between hemoglobin A1c and urinary loss of Mg (p = 0.013) or Zn (p = 0.0241) in patients with type II diabetes. From these data, it appears that of the two elements examined only Zn is associated with higher urinary loss in diabetic state. The discrepancy between our results and those of previous studies for Mg may be ascribed to dissimilarities in the diet habits and metabolism of Mg among diabetics of different geographical origins.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1993

Values: a guiding force.

This article discusses the concept of values and the roles of values in the ethical decision-making process. The acquisition of values and the role of different types of values are explored. A model is presented to illustrate the nature of values as a guide to behavior. Finally, the role and impact of the individual values systems of health care professionals and patients are identified as essential ingredients in the resolution of ethical dilemmas.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Environments that support ethical nursing practice.

Creating an ethical work environment in a health care organization is both necessary and difficult. In the process of providing care, nurses often make decisions with ethical implications. This decision making is enhanced when the work environment supports an ethical approach. Nursing can implement strategies to support ethical decision making.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1993

Ethical reflection and resolution.

Resolution of ethical issues requires critical thinking and problem solving skills. This article reviews the professional code of ethics for nurses and decision-making frameworks as guides to assist nurses in becoming active participants in the process of ethical reflection.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

N-acetylation polymorphism and diabetes mellitus among Saudi Arabians.

The acetylator phenotypes of 200 Saudi diabetics and an equal number of control subjects of the same origin were determined by measuring the peak height ratio of two urinary caffeine metabolites, 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil (AFMU) and 1-methylxanthine (1MX), using a simplified high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Urine samples were collected from the diabetics and the control subjects who regularly drink coffee, tea, or caffeinated beverages as part of their normal daily diet. The patients were classified as either type 1 (insulin-dependent) (28 patients) or type 2 (insulin-independent) diabetics (172 patients) according to standard criteria. The reproducibility of acetylator phenotype was established by examining the peak height ratio of AFMU/1MX in 18 diabetics and 6 control subjects on different days. Significant differences in the proportion of rapid acetylators were observed between type 1 (53.6%) and type 2 (33.7%) diabetics (P < or = .0436), and between the control group (26%) and the overall diabetics (36.5%) (P < or = .024) or those with type 1 disease (P < or = .0028). Also, there was a significant (P < or = .0436) association between rapid acetylator status and type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Acetylation↗
PubMed1992

Simultaneous microdetermination of rifampin, deacetylrifampin, isoniazid, and acetylisoniazid in plasma by liquid chromatography with dual electrochemical and spectrophotometric detection.

A rapid liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of isoniazid (INH), acetylisoniazid (AINH), rifampin (RIF), and deacetylrifampin (DARIF) in microsamples of deproteinized plasma is described. The compounds and internal standard (IS) (diphenylcarbazide) were separated on a 10-microns, 8 mm x 10-cm phenyl Radial Pak cartridge in conjunction with a binary linear gradient system at a flow rate of 3 ml/min. A dual electrochemical (+800 mV) and spectrophotometric (334 nm) detection system with a computerized data station was employed to measure the above compounds in the effluent. Prior to injection, the plasma sample was diluted (2:1) with a pH 3, 0.075 M phosphate buffer after adding the internal standard (6.67 micrograms/ml of plasma) and passed through an Amicon Centrifree-MS filter at 2000g. Under these conditions, no interference in the analysis was observed, and the retention times of AINH, INH, IS, DARIF, and RIF were 3.95, 4.89, 15.82, 17.25, and 19.34 min, respectively. The linearity of the assay for all four compounds was excellent (r greater than 0.9925), and the between- and within-day CV was not greater than 8% at any concentration. This method is currently being used for therapeutic monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies of INH, RIF, and their major metabolites in patients with tuberculosis.

Chromatography, Liquid↗
PubMed1991

Simplified determination of antipyrine clearance by liquid chromatography of a microsample of saliva or plasma.

We describe a simplified and rapid liquid chromatographic determination of antipyrine clearance (CLAP) calculated from peak height ratios of drug/internal standard. Saliva or plasma was collected 24 hr after the oral administration of 1 g of antipyrine to the subject. A 25-microliter aliquot of the sample is deproteinized with acetonitrile containing 3-nitrophenol (internal standard) and injected into a radial compression module equipped with a 10-micron, 8 mm x 10-cm C18 cartridge, using a 0.025 M aqueous solution of sodium acetate and acetonitrile (88.5:11.5). The minimum measurable concentration was 0.2 microgram/ml. The obtained CLAP values in five healthy subjects and five patients with chronic liver disease coincided well (r greater than 0.9994) with those generated by the use of an established method. The antipyrine clearance in the healthy subjects ranged from 2.203 to 5.721 liters/hr, while in patients with chronic liver disease it was significantly (P less than 0.0027) less (range, 0.544 to 1.103 liter/hr). We also determined antipyrine clearance in two of these subjects given lower doses of this drug and found that the dose has no significant impact on this parameter.

Antipyrine↗
PubMed1991

Urinary excretion of chromium, copper, and manganese in diabetes mellitus and associated disorders.

The urinary excretion of chromium, copper and manganese was determined in 185 diabetics and in an equal number of control subjects by measuring the concentration of each of these metals using electrothermal atomic spectrophotometry and dividing the values by the urinary concentration of creatinine (creat) in each subject. The mean (SEM) values for the overall diabetics and the control group were 2.32 (0.17) and 2.62 (0.22) mumol Cr/mole of creat, 76.5 (5.5) and 73.9 (6.1) mumol Cu/mole of creat, and 3.56 (0.44) and 2.66 (0.3) mumol Mn/mole of creat, respectively. There was no correlation between the urinary excretion of any of the metals examined and age or sex of either group. While the cardiovascular or ophthalmologic diseases associated with diabetes did not influence the excretion of any of these metals, significantly higher urinary excretion of Cu was exhibited by diabetics with neuropathy (p < 0.0027) or infections (p < 0.014) than by those without. Also, diabetics with liver disorders or those who were not treated with insulin excreted significantly more Mn than did their diabetic counterparts.

C-Peptide↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Positioning during the second stage of labor: moving back to basics.

The advantages of an upright position during labor are presented, with historic, physiologic, and psychosocial aspects discussed. The influences of modern obstetric practices such as electronic fetal monitoring and anesthesia practices are discussed with findings related to the use of upright positions from the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric, and Neonatal Nursing National Research Utilization Project on Second Stage Labor Management integrated. Recommendations for facilitating upright positions on the labor and delivery unit are presented.

Anesthesia, Obstetrical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neonatal skin care: the scientific basis for practice.

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature addressing the care of neonatal skin. DATA SOURCES: Computerized searches in MEDLINE and CINAHL, as well as references cited in articles reviewed. Key concepts in the searches included neonatal skin differences; neonatal skin and care practices for skin integrity; neonatal skin and toxicity; permeability; and contact irritant sensitization. STUDY SELECTION: Articles and comprehensive works relevant to key concepts and published after 1963, with an emphasis on new findings from 1993 to 1999. One hundred two citations were identified as useful to this review. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were extracted and organized under the following headings: anatomy and physiology of the skin; physiologic and anatomic differences in neonatal skin; nutritional deficiencies; skin care practices; and care of skin breakdown. DATA SYNTHESIS: Newborns' skin is at risk for disruption of normal barrier function because of trauma. In light of available evidence about differences in neonatal skin development, clinical practice guidelines are suggested for baths, lubrication, antimicrobial skin disinfection, and adhesive removal. In addition, basic care practices are suggested for maintaining skin integrity, reducing exposure to potentially toxic substances, and promoting skin health beyond the neonatal period. Preventive care recommendations are made for reducing trauma, protecting the skin's immature barrier function, and promoting skin integrity. CONCLUSIONS: This review generated evidence with which to create a new and comprehensive practice guideline for clinicians. Evaluation of the guideline is under way at 58 U.S. sites.

Deficiency Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Values influencing nursing practice: responses from neonatal nurses.

PURPOSE: An analysis of narrative comments from neonatal nurses to illustrate the values that motivate behavior in the practice setting. DESIGN: A descriptive study using content analysis of written, narrative text data. PARTICIPANTS: A self-selected subsample (N = 97) of a larger random sample of the membership of the National Association of Neonatal Nurses (NANN). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The application of philosophical concepts of human relationships, patient need, keeping promises, human dignity, and unrestricting circumstances in the neonatal care setting. RESULTS: Individual participants made cognitive choices related to the application of conceptual ideals of the profession to the practice setting. However, there was a lack of congruence between what the individual nurse believes is important or good and the behavior enacted in the practice setting. CONCLUSION: As a discipline, nursing needs to identify and implement strategies that support proactive accountable nursing practice consistent with the philosophical foundation of the profession.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Moral agency in nursing.

Moral agency involves risk. It is an action that is at odds with the traditional role of the nurse. However, as nurses assume more responsibility and accountability for client management and outcomes in an increasingly complex and uncertain environment, it is essential to approach ethical dilemmas in a manner consistent with the caring component of nursing. Case examples are utilized to illustrate the attributes necessary for nurses to fulfill their obligations in their nurse-client relationships.

Ethics, Nursing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neonatal skin care: evaluation of the AWHONN/NANN research-based practice project on knowledge and skin care practices. Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses/National Association of Neonatal Nurses.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate an evidence-based clinical practice guideline for assessment and routine care of neonatal skin, educate nurses about the scientific basis for practices recommended in the guideline, and design procedures that facilitate implementation of the project guideline into clinical practice. DESIGN: Descriptive report of the collaborative neonatal skin care research-based practice project of the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses and the National Association of Neonatal Nurses. SETTING: Neonatal intensive-care unit (NICU) and special-care nurseries and well-baby nurseries in 51 hospitals located throughout the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Member site coordinators (N = 51), nurses who work at the selected sites, and the neonates observed during both the pre- and postimplementation phases of the project (N = 2,820). METHOD: An evidence-based clinical practice guideline was developed, sites were selected from all respondents of the call for sites, site coordinator training was provided, data collection was facilitated by project-specific data collection tools, and the project was evaluated by the science team. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Diversity and numbers of sites represented, patient representation, site coordinator knowledge of neonatal skin care pre- and postimplementation, use of project-designed implementation tools, satisfaction with project guideline and the data collection process, changes in practices and product use, and site coordinators' experiences during guideline implementation. RESULTS: Fifty-one sites completed the project, representing NICU, special-care, and well-baby nurseries in both academic and community hospital settings in 27 states. Registered nurses working in these sites totaled 4,754 full-time equivalent positions (FTEs) (in NICU/special-care and well-baby nurseries). Site coordinators demonstrated increased knowledge of research-based neonatal skin care and satisfaction with the implementation tools and data collection process. Product use changed, reflecting acquisition of new knowledge. Barriers to implementation of the guideline were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The AWHONN/NANN Neonatal Skin Care Research-Based Practice Project demonstrated increased knowledge among site coordinators who received training, facilitated changes in neonatal skin care as defined by the practice guideline, and thus advanced evidence-based clinical practice.

Clinical Nursing Research↗