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Biomedical subjects

Christine Petit

Publications and source records attributed to Christine Petit.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

SIX1 mutations cause branchio-oto-renal syndrome by disruption of EYA1-SIX1-DNA complexes.

Urinary tract malformations constitute the most frequent cause of chronic renal failure in the first two decades of life. Branchio-otic (BO) syndrome is an autosomal dominant developmental disorder characterized by hearing loss. In branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome, malformations of the kidney or urinary tract are associated. Haploinsufficiency for the human gene EYA1, a homologue of the Drosophila gene eyes absent (eya), causes BOR and BO syndromes. We recently mapped a locus for BOR/BO syndrome (BOS3) to human chromosome 14q23.1. Within the 33-megabase critical genetic interval, we located the SIX1, SIX4, and SIX6 genes, which act within a genetic network of EYA and PAX genes to regulate organogenesis. These genes, therefore, represented excellent candidate genes for BOS3. By direct sequencing of exons, we identified three different SIX1 mutations in four BOR/BO kindreds, thus identifying SIX1 as a gene causing BOR and BO syndromes. To elucidate how these mutations cause disease, we analyzed the functional role of these SIX1 mutations with respect to protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. We demonstrate that all three mutations are crucial for Eya1-Six1 interaction, and the two mutations within the homeodomain region are essential for specific Six1-DNA binding. Identification of SIX1 mutations as causing BOR/BO offers insights into the molecular basis of otic and renal developmental diseases in humans.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Unconventional myosin VIIa and vezatin, two proteins crucial for Listeria entry into epithelial cells.

Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterial pathogen with the capacity to invade non-phagocytic cells. This dynamic process involves coordinated membrane remodelling and actin cytoskeleton rearrangements. Although some of the molecular factors promoting these events have been identified, the driving force allowing internalization is unknown. One of the receptors for L. monocytogenes on epithelial cells is E-cadherin, a transmembrane protein normally involved in homophilic interactions that allow cell-cell contacts at the adherens junctions. E-cadherin has to be connected to the actin cytoskeleton to mediate strong cell-cell adhesion and to trigger Listeria entry; alpha- and beta-catenins play key roles in these processes. We have recently identified an unconventional myosin, myosin VIIa and its ligand vezatin, at the adherens junctions of polarized epithelial cells. Here, we demonstrate by pharmacological and genetic approaches that both myosin VIIa and vezatin are crucial for Listeria internalization. These results provide the first evidence for the role of an unconventional myosin in bacterial internalization and a novel example of the exploitation of mammalian proteins, by a pathogen, to establish a successful infection.

Actins↗
PubMed2004

Expression of the connexin43- and connexin45-encoding genes in the developing and mature mouse inner ear.

Intercellular communication through gap junctions is crucial for proper functioning of the inner ear. Indeed, mutations in several connexin genes have been found to cause hearing loss. In the inner ear, only the cell distributions of connexin30 and connexin26 have been well documented. We took advantage of the lacZ reporter gene in Cx43 and Cx45 knock-out mice to study the expression of the connexin43 and connexin45 genes during the inner ear development. Expression of Cx43 and Cx45 in the inner ear was detected from embryonic days 15.5 and 17.5, respectively. Until the 1st week of life, Cx43 was highly expressed in the connective tissues, and weakly expressed in the immature sensory epithelium of the cochlea. From postnatal day 8, however, Cx43 was almost exclusively expressed in the bone of the otic capsule. During embryogenesis, Cx45 was expressed in epithelial and connective inner ear tissues. From birth onwards, Cx45 expression could be detected in some inner ear capillaries. Vascular expression thereafter increased and persisted in the adult. In the mature inner ear, Cx45 was expressed in the entire vasculature. These results indicate that connexin43 and connexin45 play a role in the otic capsule bone and the inner ear vascular system, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Characterisation of DRASIC in the mouse inner ear.

Within the cochlea, the hair cells detect sound waves and transduce them into receptor potential. The molecular architecture of the highly specialised cochlea is complex and until recently little was known about the molecular interactions which underlie its function. It is now clear that the coordinated expression and interplay of hundreds of genes and the integrity of cochlear cells regulate this function. It was hypothesised that transcripts expressed highly or specifically in the cochlea are likely to have important roles in normal hearing. Microarray analyses of the Soares NMIE library, consisting of 1536 cDNA clones isolated from the mouse inner ear, suggested that the expression of the mechanoreceptor DRASIC was enriched in the cochlea compared to other tissues. This amiloride-sensitive ion channel is a member of the DEG/ENaC superfamily and a potential candidate for the unidentified mechanoelectrical transduction channel of the sensory hair cells of the cochlea. The cochlear-enriched expression of amiloride-sensitive cation channel 3 (ACCN3) was confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Using in situ hybridisation and immunofluorescence, DRASIC expression was localised to the cells and neural fibre region of the spiral ganglion. DRASIC protein was also detected in cells of the organ of Corti. DRASIC may be present in cochlear hair cells as the ACCN3 transcript was shown to be expressed in immortalised cell lines that exhibit characteristics of hair cells. The normal mouse ACCN3 cDNA and an alternatively spliced transcript were elucidated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction from mouse inner ear RNA. This transcript may represent a new protein isoform with an as yet unknown function. A DRASIC knockout mouse model was tested for a hearing loss phenotype and was found to have normal hearing at 2 months of age but appeared to develop hearing loss early in life. The human homologue of ACCN3, acid-sensing ion channel 3, maps to the same chromosomal region as the autosomal recessive hearing loss locus DFNB13. However, we did not detect mutations in this gene in a family with DFNB13 hearing loss.

Acid Sensing Ion Channels↗
PubMed2004

Clinical evidence of the nonpathogenic nature of the M34T variant in the connexin 26 gene.

Mutations in GJB2 are the most common cause of congenital nonsyndromic hearing loss. The controversial allele variant M34T has been hypothesized to cause autosomal dominant or recessive nonsyndromic hearing impairment and some in vitro data has been consistent with this hypothesis. In this report, we present the clinical and genotypic study of 11 families (seven familial forms of nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss (NSSNHL) and four sporadic cases) in which the M34T GJB2 variant has been identified. The M34T mutation did not segregate with the deafness in six of the seven familial forms of NSSNH. Eight persons with normal audiogram presented a heterozygous M34T variation and five normal hearing individuals were composite heterozygous for M34T and another GJB2 mutation. Four normal hearing individuals with a documented audiogram were M34T/35delG and one was M34T/(GJB6-D13S1830)del. Screening a French control population of 116 subjects we have found an M34T allele frequency of 1.72%. This percentage was not significatively different from the prevalence of the M34T allele in the deaf population, which was 2.12%. All these data suggest that the M34T variant is not clinically significant in human and is a frequent polymorphism in France.

Connexin 26↗
PubMed2004

[Hereditary deafness: molecular genetics].

This article outlines recent advances in explaining hereditary deafness in molecular terms, focusing on isolated (i.e. nonsyndromic) hearing loss. The number of genes identified (36 to date) is growing rapidly. However, difficulties inherent in genetic linkage analysis, coupled with the possible involvement of environmental causes, have so far prevented the characterization of the main genes causative or predisposing to the late-onset forms of deafness.

Age of Onset↗
PubMed2003

Rab27A and its effector MyRIP link secretory granules to F-actin and control their motion towards release sites.

The GTPase Rab27A interacts with myosin-VIIa and myosin-Va via MyRIP or melanophilin and mediates melanosome binding to actin. Here we show that Rab27A and MyRIP are associated with secretory granules (SGs) in adrenal chromaffin cells and PC12 cells. Overexpression of Rab27A, GTPase-deficient Rab27A-Q78L, or MyRIP reduced secretory responses of PC12 cells. Amperometric recordings of single adrenal chromaffin cells revealed that Rab27A-Q78L and MyRIP reduced the sustained component of release. Moreover, these effects on secretion were partly suppressed by the actin-depolymerizing drug latrunculin but strengthened by jasplakinolide, which stabilizes the actin cortex. Finally, MyRIP and Rab27A-Q78L restricted the motion of SGs in the subplasmalemmal region of PC12 cells, as measured by evanescent-wave fluorescence microscopy. In contrast, the Rab27A-binding domain of MyRIP and a MyRIP construct that interacts with myosin-Va but not with actin increased the mobility of SGs. We propose that Rab27A and MyRIP link SGs to F-actin and control their motion toward release sites through the actin cortex.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗
PubMed2003

Prevalence and evolutionary origins of the del(GJB6-D13S1830) mutation in the DFNB1 locus in hearing-impaired subjects: a multicenter study.

Mutations in GJB2, the gene encoding connexin-26 at the DFNB1 locus on 13q12, are found in as many as 50% of subjects with autosomal recessive, nonsyndromic prelingual hearing impairment. However, genetic diagnosis is complicated by the fact that 10%-50% of affected subjects with GJB2 mutations carry only one mutant allele. Recently, a deletion truncating the GJB6 gene (encoding connexin-30), near GJB2 on 13q12, was shown to be the accompanying mutation in approximately 50% of these deaf GJB2 heterozygotes in a cohort of Spanish patients, thus becoming second only to 35delG at GJB2 as the most frequent mutation causing prelingual hearing impairment in Spain. Here, we present data from a multicenter study in nine countries that shows that the deletion is present in most of the screened populations, with higher frequencies in France, Spain, and Israel, where the percentages of unexplained GJB2 heterozygotes fell to 16.0%-20.9% after screening for the del(GJB6-D13S1830) mutation. Our results also suggest that additional mutations remain to be identified, either in DFNB1 or in other unlinked genes involved in epistatic interactions with GJB2. Analysis of haplotypes associated with the deletion revealed a founder effect in Ashkenazi Jews and also suggested a common founder for countries in Western Europe. These results have important implications for the diagnosis and counseling of families with DFNB1 deafness.

Connexin 26↗
PubMed2003

Involvement of the Rab27 binding protein Slac2c/MyRIP in insulin exocytosis.

Rab27a is a GTPase associated with insulin-containing secretory granules of pancreatic beta-cells. Selective reduction of Rab27a expression by RNA interference did not alter granule distribution and basal secretion but impaired exocytosis triggered by insulin secretagogues. Screening for potential effectors of the GTPase revealed that the Rab27a-binding protein Slac2c/MyRIP is associated with secretory granules of beta-cells. Attenuation of Slac2c/MyRIP expression by RNA interference did not modify basal secretion but severely impaired hormone release in response to secretagogues. Although beta-cells express Myosin-Va, a potential partner of Slac2c/MyRIP, no functional link between the two proteins could be demonstrated. In fact, overexpression of the Myosin-Va binding domain of Slac2c/MyRIP did not affect granule localization and hormone exocytosis. In contrast, overexpression of the actin-binding domain of Slac2c/MyRIP led to a potent inhibition of exocytosis without detectable alteration in granule distribution. This effect was prevented by point mutations that abolish actin binding. Taken together our data suggest that Rab27a and Slac2c/MyRIP are part of a complex mediating the interaction of secretory granules with cortical actin cytoskeleton and participate to the regulation of the final steps of insulin exocytosis.

Actins↗
PubMed2003

Prestin, a cochlear motor protein, is defective in non-syndromic hearing loss.

Prestin, a membrane protein that is highly and almost exclusively expressed in the outer hair cells (OHCs) of the cochlea, is a motor protein which senses membrane potential and drives rapid length changes in OHCs. Surprisingly, prestin is a member of a gene family, solute carrier (SLC) family 26, that encodes anion transporters and related proteins. Of nine known human genes in this family, three (SLC26A2, SLC26A3 and SLC26A4) are associated with different human hereditary diseases. The restricted expression of prestin in OHCs, and its proposed function as a mechanical amplifier, make it a strong candidate gene for human deafness. Here we report the cloning and characterization of four splicing isoforms for the human prestin gene (SLC26A5a, b, c and d). SLC26A5a is the predominant form of prestin whereas the others showed limited distribution associated with certain developmental stages. Based on the functional importance of prestin we screened for possible mutations involving the prestin gene in a group of deaf probands. We have identified a 5'-UTR splice acceptor mutation (IVS2-2A>G) in exon 3 of the prestin gene, which is responsible for recessive non-syndromic deafness in two unrelated families. In addition, a high frequency of heterozygosity for the same mutation was observed in these subjects, suggesting the possibility of semi-dominant influence of the mutation in causing hearing loss. Finally, the observation of this mutation only in the Caucasian probands indicated an association with a specific ethnic background. This study thereby reveals an essential function of prestin in human auditory processing.

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed2003

Loss-of-function mutations in FGFR1 cause autosomal dominant Kallmann syndrome.

We took advantage of overlapping interstitial deletions at chromosome 8p11-p12 in two individuals with contiguous gene syndromes and defined an interval of roughly 540 kb associated with a dominant form of Kallmann syndrome, KAL2. We establish here that loss-of-function mutations in FGFR1 underlie KAL2 whereas a gain-of-function mutation in FGFR1 has been shown to cause a form of craniosynostosis. Moreover, we suggest that the KAL1 gene product, the extracellular matrix protein anosmin-1, is involved in FGF signaling and propose that the gender difference in anosmin-1 dosage (because KAL1 partially escapes X inactivation) explains the higher prevalence of the disease in males.

Cell Adhesion Molecules↗
PubMed2003

Usher syndrome type I G (USH1G) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding SANS, a protein that associates with the USH1C protein, harmonin.

Usher syndrome type I (USH1) is the most frequent cause of hereditary deaf-blindness in humans. Seven genetic loci (USH1A-G) have been implicated in this disease to date, and four of the corresponding genes have been identified: USH1B, C, D and F. We carried out fine mapping of USH1G (chromosome 17q24-25), restricting the location of this gene to an interval of 2.6 Mb and then screened genes present within this interval for mutations. The genes screened included the orthologue of the Sans gene, which is defective in the Jackson shaker deaf mutant and maps to the syntenic region in mice. In two consanguineous USH1G-affected families, we detected two different frameshift mutations in the SANS gene. Two brothers from a German family affected with USH1G were found to be compound heterozygotes for a frameshift and a missense mutation. These results demonstrate that SANS underlies USH1G. The SANS protein contains three ankyrin domains and a sterile alpha motif, and its C-terminal tripeptide presents a class I PDZ-binding motif. We showed, by means of co-transfection experiments, that SANS associates with harmonin, a PDZ domain-containing protein responsible for USH1C. In Jackson shaker mice the hair bundles, the mechanoreceptive structures of inner ear sensory cells, are disorganized. Based on the known interaction between USH1B (myosin VIIa), USH1C (harmonin) and USH1D (cadherin 23) proteins and the results obtained in this study, we suggest that a functional network formed by the USH1B, C, D and G proteins is responsible for the correct cohesion of the hair bundle.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed2003

Anosmin-1 immunoreactivity during embryogenesis in a primitive eutherian mammal.

Kallmann syndrome is hypogonadotropic hypogonadism coupled with anosmia. A morphological study found that the endocrine disorder in X-linked Kallmann syndrome is due to failed migration of gonadotropin releasing-hormone (GnRH) neurons from the olfactory placode to the brain during development. Anosmia results from agenesis of the olfactory bulbs and tracts. The gene responsible for the X-linked form of Kallmann syndrome, KAL-1, has been characterized. The orthologues of KAL-1 have been isolated in the chick and the zebrafish, but still await identification in rodents. In the present study, we used polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to the human KAL-1 encoded protein, anosmin-1, in a primitive mammal, the Asian musk shrew. Musk shrews are insectivores and are therefore evolutionarily closer to primates than rodents. By immunoblot analysis of musk shrew tissues, a band of the expected apparent molecular mass (95 kDa) was detected in several structures of the central nervous system, but not in liver or muscle, which is consistent with the gene expression pattern previously reported in the chick. By immunohistochemical analysis, anosmin-1 was detected in the developing olfactory epithelium, the olfactory, vomeronasal and terminalis nerves, the olfactory bulbs, the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex and in several other regions of the brain, during musk shrew embryogenesis. Furthermore, migrating gonadotropin releasing-hormone (GnRH)-immunoreactive neurons were seen in close association with anosmin-1-immunoreactive fibers. Assuming that the protein is present at the surface of these fibers, we suggest a possible direct role of anosmin-1 in the migration of GnRH neurons in this species.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Connexin30 (Gjb6)-deficiency causes severe hearing impairment and lack of endocochlear potential.

The gap junction protein connexin30 (Cx30) is expressed in a variety of tissues that include epithelial and mesenchymal structures of the inner ear. We generated Cx30 (Gjb6) deficient mice by deletion of the Cx30 coding region. Homozygous mutants (Cx30((-/-))) were born at the expected Mendelian frequency, developed normally and were fertile. However, they exhibit a severe constitutive hearing impairment. From the age of hearing onset, these mice lack the electrical potential difference between the endolymphatic and perilymphatic compartments of the cochlea, i.e. the endocochlear potential, which plays a key role in the high sensitivity of the mammalian auditory organ. In addition, after postnatal day 18, the cochlear sensory epithelium starts to degenerate by cell apoptosis. This degeneration process is likely to account for the concomitant decrease of the endolymphatic potassium concentration and the aggravation of the hearing loss in adult Cx30((-/-)) mice. The Cx30 ((-/-)) phenotype thus reveals the critical role of Cx30 both in generating the endocochlear potential and for survival of the auditory hair cells after the onset of hearing. The Cx30 deficient mice may represent a valuable model to study the mechanism of the hearing loss in human patients carrying a homozygous deletion of the CX30 gene (del Castillo et al., 2002, New Engl. J. Med., 346, 243-249).

Alleles↗
PubMed2003

Defects in whirlin, a PDZ domain molecule involved in stereocilia elongation, cause deafness in the whirler mouse and families with DFNB31.

The whirler mouse mutant (wi) does not respond to sound stimuli, and detailed ultrastructural analysis of sensory hair cells in the organ of Corti of the inner ear indicates that the whirler gene encodes a protein involved in the elongation and maintenance of stereocilia in both inner hair cells (IHCs) and outer hair cells (OHCs). BAC-mediated transgene correction of the mouse phenotype and mutation analysis identified the causative gene as encoding a novel PDZ protein called whirlin. The gene encoding whirlin also underlies the human autosomal recessive deafness locus DFNB31. In the mouse cochlea, whirlin is expressed in the sensory IHC and OHC stereocilia. Our findings suggest that this novel PDZ domain-containing molecule acts as an organizer of submembranous molecular complexes that control the coordinated actin polymerization and membrane growth of stereocilia.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Mapping of a new autosomal recessive nonsyndromic hearing loss locus (DFNB32) to chromosome 1p13.3-22.1.

Approximately 80% of the hereditary hearing loss is nonsyndromic. Isolated deafness is the most genetically heterogeneous trait. We have ascertained 10 individuals from a large consanguineous Tunisian family with congenital profound autosomal recessive deafness. All affected individuals are otherwise healthy. Genotype analysis excluded linkage to known recessive deafness loci in this family. Following a genome wide screening, a linkage was detected only with locus D1S206 on chromosome 1, thereby defining a novel deafness locus, DFNB32. In order to confirm linkage and for fine mapping the genetic interval, 12 individuals belonging to this family were added and 19 microsatellite markers were tested. A maximum two-point lodscore of 4.96 was obtained at a new polymorphic marker D1S21401. Haplotype analysis defined a 16 Mb critical region between D1S2868 and afmb014zb9. The interval of DFNB32 locus overlap with DFNA37 locus and the Marshall and Stickler syndromes locus. The entire coding region of COL11A1, responsible of the later syndromes, was screened and no mutation was observed. Towards the identification of the DFNB32 gene, a search on the Human Cochlear cDNA Library and EST Database was done. The genes corresponding to the ESTs found in the DFNB32 interval are being screened for deafness-causing mutations.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2003

DFNB40, a recessive form of sensorineural hearing loss, maps to chromosome 22q11.21-12.1.

We report on a novel localization for a recessive form of deafness (DFNB), by linkage analysis in an Iranian consanguineous family. Affected individuals suffer from prelingual profound sensorineural hearing loss. Genome-wide analysis led to the characterization of a new locus, DFNB40, which maps to an approximately 9 Mb interval between markers D22S427 and D22S1144 at chromosome 22q11.21-12.1. Maximum lod score of 3.09 was obtained with D22S1174. Since the Bronx waltzer (bv) mouse mutant, characterized by waltzing behavior, deafness, and degeneration of cochlear inner hair cells, has been mapped to the syntenic region on murine chromosome 5, we suggest that DFNB40 and bv may result from orthologous gene defects.

Adolescent↗