Biomedical subjects

Chih-Kuang Yeh

Publications and source records attributed to Chih-Kuang Yeh.

4 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2003

Contrast-specific ultrasonic flow measurements based on both input and output time intensities.

Ultrasonic contrast agents are used to assess perfusion conditions based on evaluation of the time-intensity curve. Such a curve reflects the concentration of microbubbles in the perfused area and the indicator-dilution theory is used to derive the volumetric flow rate from the measured concentration. Previous results have shown that the technique is not reliable in some conditions due to the shadowing effect. To overcome this problem, a contrast-specific technique using both the input and output time-intensity relationships is proposed; this contrasts with conventional techniques that utilize only the relationship directly from the perfused area. The proposed technique is referred to as the input-output time-intensity curve (IOTIC) method. In this work, the shadowing effect was studied experimentally and the efficacy of the IOTIC technique was assessed and compared with conventional techniques. The results indicate that the IOTIC technique eliminates the shadowing effect and provides a good correlation between the actual flow rate and measured flow-related parameters; thus, making quantitative estimation of perfusion feasible. Note that the IOTIC is applicable, based on the assumption that both the input and the output can be positioned within the same image plane; its clinical applications include situations where the perfused area cannot be effectively imaged by ultrasound (US). One example is the assessment of brain perfusion, and it will be used as a target clinical application of the IOTIC technique.

Cerebrovascular Circulation↗

PubMed2002

Time-intensity-based volumetric flow measurements: an in vitro study.

Ultrasonic contrast agents have been used to assist blood flow measurements. Several contrast-specific flow measurement techniques have been proposed during the last few years. Among them, a method based on relative enhancement of the backscattered signal as a function of time is of particular interest. This method is also known as the time-intensity method. The method is based on the indicator-dilution theory, and the time-intensity curve is used to derive blood flow-related parameters such as the flow rate and the blood mixing volume. Previous in vitro studies done by other research groups were mainly based on a perfusion model or an artery model. Results showed that several parameters derived from the time-intensity curve had a good correlation with the flow rate under certain conditions. However, the studies did not focus on factors such as mixing volume, mixing chamber configuration and different types of mixing chamber. In this paper, dependence of the time-intensity curve is further studied. Specifically, two types of blood-mixing chambers were constructed. One was a spherical compartment phantom with two different sizes (260 and 580 mL) and different inflow/outflow configurations. The other was a perfusion phantom consisting of dialysis cartridges with the volume ranging from 114 to 351 mL. The time intensities were also measured at both the input and the output of the mixing chamber. A commercial agent (Levovist) and a self-made, albumin-based agent were used and the wash-out time constant and the mean transit time were derived for flow rates ranging from 500 to 1300 mL/min. For the perfusion phantom, results showed that the parameters had a good correlation with both the flow rate and the mixing volume. Results from the compartment phantom, on the other hand, indicated that the inflow/outflow configuration and the mixing size significantly affected the derived time constants. Potential applications of new volumetric flow estimation techniques based on both input and output intensities were also discussed.

Blood Flow Velocity↗

PubMed2002

Doppler angle estimation using AR modeling.

The transit time spectrum broadening effect has long been explored for Doppler angle estimation. Given acoustic beam geometry, the Doppler angle can be derived based on the mean Doppler frequency and the Doppler bandwidth. Spectral estimators based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT) are typically used. One problem with this approach is that a long data acquisition time is required to achieve adequate spectral resolution, with typically 32-128 flow samples being needed. This makes the method unsuitable for real-time two-dimensional Doppler imaging. This paper proposes using an autoregressive (AR) model to obtain the Doppler spectrum using a small number (e.g., eight) of flow samples. The flow samples are properly selected, then extrapolated to ensure adequate spectral resolution. Because only a small number of samples are used, the data acquisition time is significantly reduced and real-time, two-dimensional Doppler angle estimation becomes feasible. The approach was evaluated using both simulated and experimental data. Flows with various degrees of velocity gradient were simulated, with the Doppler angle ranging from 20 degrees to 75 degrees. The results indicate that the AR method generally provided accurate Doppler bandwidth estimates. In addition, the AR method outperformed the FFT method at smaller Doppler angles. The experimental data for Doppler angles, ranging from 33 degrees to 72 degrees, showed that the AR method using only eight flow samples had an average estimation error of 3.6 degrees, which compares favorably to the average error of 4.7 degrees for the FFT method using 64 flow samples. Because accurate estimates can be obtained using a small number of flow samples, it is concluded that real-time, two-dimensional estimation of the Doppler angle over a wide range of angles is possible using the AR method.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2002

Doppler angle estimation of pulsatile flows using AR modeling.

In quantitative ultrasonic flow measurements, the beam-to-flow angle (i.e., Doppler angle) is an important parameter. An autoregressive (AR) spectral analysis technique in combination with the Doppler spectrum broadening effect was previously proposed to estimate the Doppler angle. Since only a limited number of flow samples are used, real-time two-dimensional Doppler angle estimation is possible. The method was validated for laminar flows with constant velocities. In clinical applications, the flow pulsation needs to be considered. For pulsatile flows, the flow velocity is time-varying and the accuracy of Doppler angle estimation may be affected. In this paper, the AR method using only a limited number of flow samples was applied to Doppler angle estimation of pulsatile flows. The flow samples were properly selected to derive the AR coefficients and then more samples were extrapolated based on the AR model. The proposed method was verified by both simulations and in vitro experiments. A wide range of Doppler angles (from 3o degrees to 78 degrees) and different flow rates were considered. The experimental data for the Doppler angle showed that the AR method using eight flow samples had an average estimation error of 3.50 degrees compared to an average error of 7.08 degrees for the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method using 64 flow samples. Results indicated that the AR method not only provided accurate Doppler angle estimates, but also outperformed the conventional FFT method in pulsatile flows. This is because the short data acquisition time is less affected by the temporal velocity changes. It is concluded that real-time two-dimensional estimation of the Doppler angle is possible using the AR method in the presence of pulsatile flows. In addition, Doppler angle estimation with turbulent flows is also discussed. Results show that both the AR and FFT methods are not adequate due to the spectral broadening effects from the turbulence.

Blood Flow Velocity↗