Two viruses were isolated from green stinkbugs (Nezara viridula) with severe disease symptoms. These viruses have been named N. viridula virus type 1 (NVV-1) and NVV-2 according to their relative sedimentation coefficients. NVV-1 is a small picorna-like virus with a diameter of 29 nm, a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.34 g/ml and a sedimentation coefficient of 153S. NVV-1 particles contain a 9.4 kb ssRNA segment and have three coat proteins of M(r)s 32,100, 31,500 and 30,700. NVV-2 sediments as two components on sucrose gradients; the top 104S component consists almost entirely of 41 nm empty capsids and the faster sedimenting 177S component consists of intact 39 nm spherical particles. NVV-2 particles have a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.39 g/ml and consist of one major protein of M(r) 73,800 and at least two minor proteins of M(r)s 13,500 and 16,500. Only one dsRNA segment of 6.2 kb was identified. The properties of NVV-2 are similar to those of the Totiviridae. Individual stinkbugs were infected with either NVV-1 or NVV-2, or with a mixture of the two viruses. Re-infection of virus-free stinkbugs with the mixture resulted in typical disease symptoms. Both viruses were vertically transmitted through the eggs and insects were infected by surface contamination of their food source.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Carbovir: the (-) enantiomer is a potent and selective antiviral agent against human immunodeficiency virus in vitro.

In this paper we describe the in vitro antiviral activity of the (-) enantiomer of carbocyclic 2',3'-deoxydidehydroguanosine, (-) carbovir, a nucleoside analogue that has selective and potent anti-HIV activity in a series of lymphocyte culture systems. The cellular cytotoxicity of this compound has also been evaluated in a number of systems and compared to the saturated dideoxynucleoside analogues AZT and ddC.

CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes↗

PubMed1991

Assessment of hope in psychiatric and chemically dependent patients.

Hope is recognized as a healing force, but has not been studied in some clinical populations. In this study, the Miller Hope Scale was used to measure hope near admission and at discharge for 192 psychiatric and chemically dependent inpatients. Hope scores near admission were significantly lower than the established norms for the instrument. Psychiatric patients were significantly lower in hope than chemically dependent patients at both times. At discharge, both subject groups approached the norms for the instrument. This study adds to the construct validity of the Miller Hope Scale and supports its use in clinical populations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Authority members and standards of clinical care.

Charlotte Williamson argues that in the post-white paper NHS authority members--and managers--will have to interest themselves more than they have previously in clinical care. In this first part of her article she defines individual and collective clinical care and non-clinical care, and discusses responsibility for standards in these different but overlapping aspects of care. In the second part of the article, to be published in our next issue, she will discuss setting standards locally.

Clinical Medicine↗

PubMed1990

Authority members and standards of clinical care.

In the first part of her article, published in February, Charlotte Williamson argued that authority members need to interest themselves more in clinical care. In this concluding part she discusses the application of this locally in the new style DHAs.

Contract Services↗

PubMed1990

Rising above the tide of junk.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Colorado↗

PubMed1990

What's up, doc? Huggable scrubs, that's what!

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Child↗

PubMed1989

A comparative study on the cell-free translation of the genomic RNAs of two aphid picorna-like viruses.

The genomic RNAs of aphid lethal paralysis virus (ALPV) and Rhopalosiphum padi virus (RhPV)--two distinct picorna-like viruses found in aphids [Williamson et al. (1988) J Gen Virol 69: 787-795]--were both efficiently translated in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. ALPV RNA was translated into primary products with molecular weights ranging from 92 kDa to 170 kDa. These underwent time-dependent post-translational cleavage to produce smaller polypeptides including some with molecular weights comparable to those of the viral structural proteins. A 92 kDa polypeptide as well as smaller proteins were immunoprecipitated with capsid protein antisera, indicating the presence of at least one large capsid subunit protein precursor. RhPV RNA was translated into products of molecular weights ranging from 45 kDa to 175 kDa. There was no evidence for time-dependent post-translation cleavage of RhPV translation products. However, a 60 kDa polypeptide was precipitated with antiserum to RhPV virions, indicating that at least one capsid protein of RhPV is derived by proteolysis of a precursor protein, like those of ALPV and most other picornaviruses.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Reverse transcription and subsequent DNA amplification of rubella virus RNA.

A method is described whereby rubella virus RNA was reverse transcribed and the resulting cDNA enzymatically amplified using Taq polymerase. The reactions were carried out in a single reaction vessel, with only minor modifications to the buffer conditions between the reverse transcription and the subsequent amplification step. Using an oligonucleotide probe to the E1 glycoprotein region and limited restriction endonuclease mapping, the resulting amplified products were shown to be specific for rubella virus. This method was also successfully applied to crude cell lysates, without the need for RNA purification. The possible applications of the polymerase chain reaction as applied to RNA sequences are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Detection of enzymatically amplified human immunodeficiency virus DNA by oligonucleotide solution hybridization and by incorporation of radiolabeled deoxynucleotides.

Two methods are described for the detection of in vitro enzymatically amplified DNA. The first method involves solution hybridization of labeled oligonucleotides to amplified products. Hybridization of primers to a dilution series of known concentration of amplified DNA showed that approximately 5 pg of DNA could be detected by this method. In the second method, radiolabeled deoxynucleotides were incorporated into the elongating DNA chain. Both methods were able to detect amplified products 10 cycles before detection by ethidium bromide staining. Some variations of these techniques are discussed.

Autoradiography↗

PubMed1989

Less than the sum of their parts. A lesson from district health authorities.

District health authorities as we know them are to be transformed under the proposals in the NHS Review. Charlotte Williamson analysed the failure of members to fulfil their potential and suggests some measures that will be necessary if members of the new smaller authorities are to be more effective.

Interprofessional Relations↗

PubMed1988

Longitudinal response functions and sum rules for quasielastic electron scattering from 3H and 3He.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Journal Article↗