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C Webb

Publications and source records attributed to C Webb.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

Application of cereals and cereal components in functional foods: a review.

The food industry is directing new product development towards the area of functional foods and functional food ingredients due to consumers' demand for healthier foods. In this respect, probiotic dairy foods containing human-derived Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species and prebiotic food formulations containing ingredients that cannot be digested by the human host in the upper gastrointestinal tract and can selectively stimulate the growth of one or a limited number of colonic bacteria have been recently introduced into the market. The aim of these products is to affect beneficially the gut microbial composition and activities. Cereals offer another alternative for the production of functional foods. The multiple beneficial effects of cereals can be exploited in different ways leading to the design of novel cereal foods or cereal ingredients that can target specific populations. Cereals can be used as fermentable substrates for the growth of probiotic microorganisms. The main parameters that have to be considered are the composition and processing of the cereal grains, the substrate formulation, the growth capability and productivity of the starter culture, the stability of the probiotic strain during storage, the organoleptic properties and the nutritional value of the final product. Additionally, cereals can be used as sources of nondigestible carbohydrates that besides promoting several beneficial physiological effects can also selectively stimulate the growth of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria present in the colon and act as prebiotics. Cereals contain water-soluble fibre, such as beta-glucan and arabinoxylan, oilgosaccharides, such as galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides and resistant starch, which have been suggested to fulfil the prebiotic concept. Separation of specific fractions of fibre from different cereal varieties or cereal by-products, according to the knowledge of fibre distribution in cereal grains, could be achieved through processing technologies, such as milling, sieving, and debranning or pearling. Finally, cereal constituents, such as starch, can be used as encapsulation materials for probiotics in order to improve their stability during storage and enhance their viability during their passage through the adverse conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. It could be concluded that functional foods based on cereals is a challenging perspective, however, the development of new technologies of cereal processing that enhance their health potential and the acceptability of the food product are of primary importance.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2002

Polygalacturonase production by Aspergillus awamori on wheat in solid-state fermentation.

The production of exo-polygalacturonase (exo-PG) and endo-PG by Aspergillus awamori grown on wheat in solid-state fermentation was studied. Endo- and exo-PG activities were detected after 24 h of inoculation. Glucose released from starch hydrolysis acted as a catabolite repressor for the exo-PG enzyme. In contrast, endo-PG production was not affected by glucose repression. When milled grains were used, the particle-size distribution and the chemical composition of the medium influenced the rate of micro-organism growth and therefore the trend followed by endo- and exo-PG production. However, these two parameters did not affect the maximum production of exo-PG and endo-PG. For one of the milled samples, three different moisture contents were used (50, 55, 60%). Moisture contents of 60% provide a higher yield of pectinases by A. awamori.

Aspergillus↗
PubMed2002

Growth studies of potentially probiotic lactic acid bacteria in cereal-based substrates.

AIMS: The overall growth kinetics of four potentially probiotic strains (Lactobacillus fermentum, Lact. reuteri, Lact. acidophilus and Lact. plantarum) cultured in malt, barley and wheat media were investigated. The objectives were to identify the main factors influencing the growth and metabolic activity of each strain in association with the cereal substrate. METHODS AND RESULTS: All fermentations were performed without pH control. A logistic-type equation, which included a growth inhibition term, was used to describe the experimental data. In the malt medium, all strains attained high maximum cell populations (8.10-10.11 log10 cfu ml(-1), depending on the strain), probably due to the availability of maltose, sucrose, glucose, fructose (approx. 15 g l(-1) total fermentable sugars) and free amino nitrogen (approx. 80 mg l(-1)). The consumption of sugars during the exponential phase (10-12 h) resulted in the accumulation of lactic acid (1.06-1.99 g l(-1)) and acetic acid (0.29-0.59 g l(-1)), which progressively decreased the pH of the medium. Each strain demonstrated a specific preference for one or more sugars. Since small amounts of sugars were consumed by the end of the exponential phase (17-43%), the decisive growth-limiting factor was probably the pH, which at that time ranged between 3.40 and 3.77 for all of the strains. Analysis of the metabolic products confirmed the heterofermentative or homofermentative nature of the strains used, except in the case of Lact. acidophilus which demonstrated a shift towards the heterofermentative pathway. All strains produced acetic acid during the exponential phase, which could be attributed to the presence of oxygen. Lactobacillus plantarum, Lact. reuteri and Lact. fermentum continued to consume the remaining sugars and accumulate metabolic products in the medium, probably due to energy requirements for cell viability, while Lact. acidophilus entered directly into the decline phase. In the barley and wheat media all strains, especially Lact. acidophilus and Lact. reuteri, attained lower maximum cell populations (7.20-9.43 log10 cfu ml(-1)) than in the malt medium. This could be attributed to the low sugar content (3-4 g l(-1) total fermentable sugar for each medium) and the low free amino nitrogen concentration (15.3-26.6 mg l(-1)). In all fermentations, the microbial growth ceased at pH values (3.73-4.88, depending on the strain) lower than those observed for malt fermentations, which suggests that substrate deficiency in sugars and free amino nitrogen contributed to growth limitation. CONCLUSIONS: The malt medium supported the growth of all strains more than barley and wheat media due to its chemical composition, while Lact. plantarum and Lact. fermentum appeared to be less fastidious and more resistant to acidic conditions than Lact. acidophilus and Lact. reuteri. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Cereals are suitable substrates for the growth of potentially probiotic lactic acid bacteria.

Culture Media↗
PubMed2001

Assessing the impact of a nurse-led health education intervention for people with peripheral vascular disease who smoke: the use of physiological markers, nicotine dependence and withdrawal.

This study evaluated the impact of a nurse-led health education programme on the behaviour, nicotine dependence and nicotine withdrawal in patients who smoke and suffer from peripheral vascular disease, based in a large teaching hospital in the north of England. Smoking behaviour was measured by self report, end-expired carbon monoxide and urinary cotinine. Nicotine dependence and withdrawal were measured using a nicotine dependence scale and a nicotine withdrawal scale. The findings demonstrated that the programme did have some impact on behaviour. The study raised issues concerning the measurement of physiological markers for smoking as nursing outcomes. Issues about the measurement of nicotine dependence and withdrawal are highlighted.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Editor's preface.

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Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Development of a database of functional assessment measures related to work disability.

The development of the Functional Assessment Measures Database is described. The database provides a method to organize and search for measures that are used to assess the functional abilities of people with medical impairments to determine work disability. The project identified 4,200 different measures that are used in the functional assessment of persons with disability across the life span, 812 of which are used to evaluate adults in terms of work disability. The database has 3,033 scales that are found in 633 measures. In the database, each measure is described and is linked to at least one functional assessment construct. The use of the database in the Social Security Administration Redesign Project is described. Other possible uses for the database are presented.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed2001

Women's anxieties surrounding breast disorders: a systematic review of the literature.

A systematic review of the research literature published in English between 1990 and 1999 was carried out to discover whether women with benign breast disorders suffer similar amounts of anxiety to women with breast cancer in the time between discovery of the problem and receiving a diagnosis, to include the immediate postdiagnosis phase. The study was limited to primary research papers with explicit methodology applicable to hospital specialist breast clinics where the main focus of the papers was anxiety and/or psychological distress. Studies focusing exclusively on routine breast screening or exclusively on women with previously diagnosed breast cancer were omitted. A protocol for the review was agreed at the outset, addressing selection criteria, search procedures, methods of data extraction and analysis, and dissemination. Search terms were refined as the study progressed. A data extraction tool was constructed based on Benton and Cormack's framework (Benton & Cormack 1996, pp. 80-81). An initial search revealed 89 papers. Fourteen papers were found to meet the criteria for inclusion. The main findings were that women with benign breast disorders and those with breast cancer suffered from similar levels of anxiety and psychological distress in the period from first being aware of the problem up to the time of receiving a diagnosis. Anxiety levels were found to fall more quickly in women with benign disorders postdiagnosis. Methodological flaws were detracted from the rigour of many of the studies. Implications for practice are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Focus groups as a research method: a critique of some aspects of their use in nursing research.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and critique reports in the nursing literature in the period 1990-1999 of the use of focus groups as a research method. METHODS: The articles were identified by a computerized search of the CINAHL database and subjected to critical review. FINDINGS: The result of the search was that very few articles were found that reported on a specific piece of research using the method. Methodological discussions were more common and these were sometimes at a somewhat superficial level without analysis or critique. The largest category of articles was concerned with service development projects. The research-based articles were found to be relatively unsophisticated in their use of the method, in particular in relation to data analysis and social interaction within focus groups. Terms such as 'content analysis' and 'grounded theory' were used in nonrigorous ways and incompatibility between the underlying research approach and implementation of the method was identified in the cases of phenomenology and grounded theory. Whilst selection of the focus group method was often justified in terms of the benefits that participant interaction could yield, this interaction was rarely reported or discussed in the articles. One author proposed a scheme for analysing this type of interaction, and this is recommended to future researchers as a possible framework for interaction analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The article concludes by calling for more in-depth consideration at the research planning stages of the underlying assumptions of methodological approaches that may be used to underpin focus group research and methods to be used to analyse and report the data generated.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed2001

Supporting students in practice.

This article reports a project aiming to assess the effectiveness of clinical nurses employed in support roles for students in clinical practice in one UK higher education institution and its linked NHS Trusts. Focus groups and telephone interviews were used to collect data from the clinical support nurses themselves, senior nurse managers and pre- and post-registration students. Findings show that personal commitment to the role was high and that these support staff made a valuable contribution to up-to-date clinical input into classroom teaching. Managers also valued the university-clinical link role fulfilled by these staff. Students had mixed opinions, pre-registration students having had little exposure to this kind of support and post-registration students often not regarding clinical support as necessary because of their own existing clinical experience and expertise. For clinical support staff themselves, the role was a busy one and they often experienced conflict and role overload in balancing the education and clinical sides of their work. Necessary improvements for functioning of the roles were identified, including having regular meetings between university and NHS managers and support teachers for liaison purposes, joint appraisal, and formal support mechanisms for role occupants. The overall conclusion drawn is that the roles were successful in bridging the theory-practice gap for the University and NHS Trust managers, but less so for students, and that they did this at some personal cost for role holders.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2001

Writing style.

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Humans↗
PubMed2001

Focus groups as a tool for critical social research in nurse education.

Focus groups are now widely adopted in qualitative health and social research, and have been increasingly used as a data-collection technique in nursing research. The focus group is not a new method, but its uses and procedures have been considerably revised in recent years. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of the focus group as a research tool in social science literature, followed by a more considered discussion on the use of focus groups in contemporary critical social science. It draws on this work to illustrate the potential of focus groups to address some of the political issues in social research, in particular the balance of power between researcher and researched, and the empowerment of under-represented groups. Advantages of the method in connecting the researcher with group perspectives and experiences that may be unexplored by other methods of data collection are discussed, and the 'collective conscience' is put forward as an appropriate resource in data analysis. It argues that the application of focus-group techniques can build on experiences and principles of working with or participating in groups. Focus groups are particularly applicable to research in nurse education, for involving diverse stakeholders in curriculum evaluation and development, and in ongoing appraisals of the student's perceptions of their experience, for which universities have tended to rely on survey approaches and structured questionnaires. The article ends by drawing some conclusions from the health and social research literature to inform nursing education research using focus groups.

Focus Groups↗
PubMed2001

Enhancing access to and retention in the Bachelor of Nursing: a successful alternative.

This paper describes an innovative program to enhance access to the Bachelor of Nursing (BN) in theform of a nursing entrance test (NET). Discussion will focus on the NET as the meansfor enhancing access and retention. The results of a recent evaluation of the NET are discussed and used to demonstrate that the NET is an effective tool for the provision of access and retention in the Bachelor of Nursing for students who do not meet standard entry criteria.

College Admission Test↗
PubMed2001

The domination of chronic illness research by biomedical interests.

The interest of biomedicine is the physical body viewed in isolation from the contextual understandings which shape the chronic illness experience. This neglect of the illness experience was evident in an inquiry conducted by the first author with 81 women who live with chronic illness. Herein we discuss a secondary analysis of the correspondence data in which we found many common elements across different medical diagnoses.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed2000

Pulmonary artery catheterization and clinical outcomes: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Food and Drug Administration Workshop Report. Consensus Statement.

OBJECTIVE: The efficacy and safety of the pulmonary artery catheter are under scrutiny because of its association with increased morbidity and mortality in observational studies. In response, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducted the Pulmonary Artery Catheterization and Clinical Outcomes workshop in Alexandria, Va, on August 25 and 26, 1997, to develop recommendations regarding actions to improve pulmonary artery catheter utility and safety. PARTICIPANTS: The NHLBI and FDA planning task force selected a workshop chairperson, subcommittee chairs, and participants. Approximately 85 participants were selected for their collective expertise in critical care, pulmonary medicine, cardiovascular medicine and surgery, pediatrics, nursing, biostatistics, and medical economics. The meeting was open to industry representatives and other government and lay observers. This workshop was funded by the NHLBI and the FDA's Division of Devices. EVIDENCE: Published reports relating to the efficacy and safety of the pulmonary artery catheter, especially consensus documents developed by professional societies. CONSENSUS PROCESS: The planning task force disseminated materials, held teleconferences, and developed draft position papers prior to the workshop. These were modified during the workshop and thereafter in the course of several teleconferences, and presented to the entire group for final modifications and approval. CONCLUSIONS: A need exists for collaborative education of physicians and nurses in performing, obtaining, and interpreting information from the use of pulmonary artery catheters. This effort should be led by professional societies, in collaboration with federal agencies, with the purpose of developing and disseminating standardized educational programs. Areas given high priority for clinical trials were pulmonary artery catheter use in persistent/refractory congestive heart failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, severe sepsis and septic shock, and low-risk coronary artery bypass graft surgery. JAMA. 2000;283:2568-2572

Catheterization, Swan-Ganz↗
PubMed2000

Immobilisation of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans cells on nickel alloy fibre for ferrous sulfate oxidation.

The immobilisation of the iron-oxidising bacteria Thiobacillus ferrooxidans on nickel alloy fibre as support is described. This matrix showed promise for application in iron oxidation under strongly acidic conditions. The influence on the colonisation process of T. ferrooxidans exerted by the initial pH of the medium and by temperature has also been studied. Results showed that immobilisation of T. ferrooxidans cells was affected by changes of temperature between 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C and in pH from 1.4 to 2.0.

Alloys↗
PubMed2000

Clinical research strategies in biotechnology.

Clinical drug development involves many steps and is extremely costly to the sponsoring company. There is intense pressure on sponsors to be faster, more efficient, and less costly. Sponsors also need to be globally oriented in their drug-development processes. There are several ways in which clinical drug development may be done more quickly and at less cost. These strategies include the use of large contract research organizations (CRO) and site management organizations (SMO). Although there is an estimated 2000 CRO worldwide, the use of SMO is quite limited but growing rapidly. Changes in the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), especially harmonization between its two divisions Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) and Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), and the use of CRO and SMO will make for interesting and challenging times for sponsors.

Biological Products↗