Biomedical subjects

C Waine

Publications and source records attributed to C Waine.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Best practice in primary care pathology: review 3.

This best practice review examines four series of common primary care questions in laboratory medicine: (i) "minor" blood platelet count and haemoglobin abnormalities; (ii) diagnosis and monitoring of anaemia caused by iron deficiency; (iii) secondary hyperlipidaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia; and (iv) glycated haemoglobin and microalbumin use in diabetes. The review is presented in question-answer format, referenced for each question series. The recommendations represent a précis of guidance found using a standardised literature search of national and international guidance notes, consensus statements, health policy documents and evidence-based medicine reviews, supplemented by Medline Embase searches to identify relevant primary research documents. They are not standards, but form a guide to be set in the clinical context. Most of the recommendations are based on consensus rather than evidence. They will be updated periodically to take account of new information.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗

PubMed2001

Biosynthesis and insecticidal properties of plant cyclotides: the cyclic knotted proteins from Oldenlandia affinis.

Several members of the Rubiaceae and Violaceae families produce a series of cyclotides or macrocyclic peptides of 29-31 amino acids with an embedded cystine knot. We aim to understand the mechanism of synthesis of cyclic peptides in plants and have isolated a cDNA clone that encodes the cyclotide kalata B1 as well as three other clones for related cyclotides from the African plant Oldenlandia affinis. The cDNA clones encode prepropeptides with a 20-aa signal sequence, an N-terminal prosequence of 46-68 amino acids and one, two, or three cyclotide domains separated by regions of about 25 aa. The corresponding cyclotides have been isolated from plant material, indicating that the cyclotide domains are excised and cyclized from all four predicted precursor proteins. The exact processing site is likely to lie on the N-terminal side of the strongly conserved GlyLeuPro or SerLeuPro sequence that flanks both sides of the cyclotide domain. Cyclotides have previously been assigned an antimicrobial function; here we describe a potent inhibitory effect on the growth and development of larvae from the Lepidopteran species Helicoverpa punctigera.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2001

The cystine knot motif in toxins and implications for drug design.

The cystine knot structural motif is present in peptides and proteins from a variety of species, including fungi, plants, marine molluscs, insects and spiders. It comprises an embedded ring formed by two disulfide bonds and their connecting backbone segments which is threaded by a third disulfide bond. It is invariably associated with nearby beta-sheet structure and appears to be a highly efficient motif for structure stabilization. Because of this stability it makes an ideal framework for molecular engineering applications. In this review we summarize the main structural features of the cystine knot motif, focussing on toxin molecules containing either the inhibitor cystine knot or the cyclic cystine knot. Peptides containing these motifs are 26-48 residues long and include ion channel blockers, haemolytic agents, as well as molecules having antiviral and antibacterial activities. The stability of peptide toxins containing the cystine knot motif, their range of bioactivities and their unique structural scaffold can be harnessed for molecular engineering applications and in drug design. Applications of cystine knot molecules for the treatment of pain, and their potential use in antiviral and antibacterial applications are described.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Factors affecting the use of dietetic services by patients with diabetes mellitus.

AIMS: Dietary counselling is vital for patients with diabetes, yet many do not access professional advice. This study investigated the use of dietetic services by patients with diabetes within Sunderland Health District. METHODS: Diabetic patients were identified from the laboratory module of the Hospital Information System (HIS). Eight thousand five hundred and ninety-seven patients were identified, and cross referenced to dietetic records, producing a comprehensive database for analysis. RESULTS: Only 58.8% of the sample had dietetic records. Those with records were more likely to be: older (63.8 vs. 61.7 years, P < 0.01); male (52.6% vs. 46.8%, P < 0.05); accessing hospital diabetes services (P < 0.001); to have lipids and renal function checked (both P < 0.001); and to have poor blood glucose control (HbA(1c) > 7.5% to 58.7% vs. 29.9%, P < 0.001). Frequent attenders were most likely to be women, those with poor control, and those with shorter duration of diabetes (P < 0.001). In a logistic regression model, duration of diabetes, insulin treatment, obesity and hyperlipidaemia were the main determinants of increased use. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed that many patients with diabetes do not make use of professional dietetic services, and has highlighted some of the routinely documented characteristics that are associated with use of dietetic services. There appears to be scope to improve uptake of dietetic services by patients with diabetes, and to investigate further individual factors that affect access and attendance.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Nutrition and the health care agenda: a primary care perspective.

The current climate of prioritizing in the NHS brings into focus the debate surrounding efficient and effective management of conditions associated with the modern lifestyle. In any such debate, nutrition should be considered a primary issue as there is now international consensus regarding the optimum diet for the prevention of both coronary heart disease and cancer. Over recent years, government has stated that primary care is in an ideal setting to provide nutrition education to the public. However, we present the case that there currently is a mismatch between the attitude of the public, who appear willing to accept dietary advice from primary care professionals, and the reluctance on behalf of these professionals to fulfil this role. Dissatisfaction with the quality of nutrition education received by those working in primary care is often cited as a barrier to providing dietary advice to patients. With that in mind, we go on to discuss educational strategies that may motivate primary care staff to increase their involvement in providing dietary advice for their patients. The challenge to those involved in the delivery of nutrition training to primary care professionals is to convince them that dietary intervention is worthwhile and that they can make a positive contribution to dietary change within the current organization of primary care. Increasing motivation is an essential outcome of such training, along with providing the skills and knowledge to fulfil this role. The contribution which diet could make is significant and, in this time of questioning priorities, the role of nutrition needs to be put firmly on the health care agenda.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1999

Plant cyclotides: A unique family of cyclic and knotted proteins that defines the cyclic cystine knot structural motif.

Several macrocyclic peptides ( approximately 30 amino acids), with diverse biological activities, have been isolated from the Rubiaceae and Violaceae plant families over recent years. We have significantly expanded the range of known macrocyclic peptides with the discovery of 16 novel peptides from extracts of Viola hederaceae, Viola odorata and Oldenlandia affinis. The Viola plants had not previously been examined for these peptides and thus represent novel species in which these unusual macrocyclic peptides are produced. Further, we have determined the three-dimensional structure of one of these novel peptides, cycloviolacin O1, using (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The structure consists of a distorted triple-stranded beta-sheet and a cystine-knot arrangement of the disulfide bonds. This structure is similar to kalata B1 and circulin A, the only two macrocyclic peptides for which a structure was available, suggesting that despite the sequence variation throughout the peptides they form a family in which the overall fold is conserved. We refer to these peptides as the cyclotide family and their embedded topology as the cyclic cystine knot (CCK) motif. The unique cyclic and knotted nature of these molecules makes them a fascinating example of topologically complex proteins. Examination of the sequences reveals they can be separated into two subfamilies, one of which tends to contain a larger number of positively charged residues and has a bracelet-like circularization of the backbone. The second subfamily contains a backbone twist due to a cis-Pro peptide bond and may conceptually be regarded as a molecular Moebius strip. Here we define the structural features of the two apparent subfamilies of the CCK peptides which may be significant for the likely defense related role of these peptides within plants.

Amino Acid Motifs↗

PubMed1997

The discipline and literature of general practice.

In response to a review recently carried out by the Royal College of General Practitioners, the British Journal of General Practice is soon to be issued in a new and expanded format. While continuing to develop its primary role as a leading scientific journal of record, the journal will accommodate a monthly selection of integrated news, information and features. The editorial board welcomes the opportunities provided by these changes, but wishes to emphasize the continuing importance of general practice as a scientific discipline in its own right and to reaffirm its commitment to the publication of high-quality, peer-reviewed original research papers. It is hoped that the newlook journal will have a wide appeal. But, as the first-and still the foremost-journal of general practice in the world, it will continue to be a journal of record serving both its authors and the academic community worldwide.

Family Practice↗

PubMed1995