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Biomedical subjects

C W Bishop

Publications and source records attributed to C W Bishop.

14 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1988

Cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid for hypercholesterolemic men.

The effect of psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid on serum cholesterol levels was investigated in 26 men with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia (range of cholesterol level, 4.86 to 8.12 mmol/L [188 to 314 mg/dL]) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel study. Following a two-week baseline period, subjects were treated for eight weeks with 3.4 g of psyllium or cellulose placebo at mealtimes (three doses per day). All subjects maintained their usual diets, which provided less than 300 mg of cholesterol per day and approximately 20% of energy from protein, 40% from carbohydrate, and 40% from fat. Eight weeks of treatment with psyllium reduced serum total cholesterol levels by 14.8%, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by 20.2%, and the ratio of LDL cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 14.8% relative to baseline values. The reductions in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol became progressively larger with time, and this trend appeared to be continuing at the eighth week. Psyllium treatment did not affect body weight, blood pressure, or serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, iron, or zinc. No significant changes in serum lipid levels, body weight, blood pressure, or other serum parameters were observed with placebo treatment. Subject adherence to psyllium treatment was excellent, and no adverse effects were observed. Results of this study show that psyllium is an effective and well-tolerated therapy for mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Estimation of the mid-upper arm circumference measurement error.

The mid-upper arm circumference measurement error was estimated in order to assess the usefulness of this measurement for detecting small changes in a patient's arm circumference during hospitalization. In a study having a 3 X 3 X 2 factorial design, 10 trained observers recorded 1,560 measurements from 52 healthy adult subjects selected to represent three factors: sex, age, and weight for height. Each observer obtained three independent measurements from every subject. By analysis of variance, the variation between different observers' measurements of the same subject was estimated with 95% confidence to be less than or equal to 2.8% for men and less than or equal to 3.8% for women. This variation was unaffected by age but decreased with decreasing weight for height in women (p less than .05). Variation between each observer's repeated measurements of the same subject was estimated with 95% confidence to be less than or equal to 1.1% and was unaffected by sex, age, or weight for height. It was concluded that the smallest detectable change in arm circumference is 7.8% for men and 9.8% for women when successive measurements are recorded by different observers. However, arm circumference changes as small as 2.2% can be detected in both men and women when successive measurements are obtained by the same observer.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The adrenal: a new target organ of the calciotropic hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.

Target cells for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 were demonstrated in the adrenal medulla by frozen-section autoradiography. The appearance of these target cells was age-dependent in neonatal mice. Immunocytochemical staining for phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase revealed that both epinephrine and non-epinephrine cells concentrate 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in their nuclei. In contrast, immunocytochemical staining for "vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein" (D-CaBP) demonstrated that D-CaBP immunoreactivity is localized in only a small percentage of adrenomedullary cells, in mice and rats. Comparison of PNMT and D-CaBP immunoreactivities in sequential sections showed that epinephrine-producing cells do not contain D-CaBP. These results indicate that adrenal medullary cells have receptors for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 may directly affect certain functions of these endocrine cells.

Adrenal Medulla↗
PubMed1985

1 alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-induced modification of a cytosolic protein in embryonic chick intestine.

Two-dimensional electrophoresis together with radiolabeling experiments was used to examine cytosolic proteins of embryonic chick duodenum for responses to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 caused a striking decrease in [3H]leucine content of an 18,000-dalton protein (approximate pI, 5.1) after a 10-min pulse with radioisotope followed by a 4-h chase. Decreased [14C]leucine content of the same protein was also observed at various times following 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 addition to culture media; a significant decrease in radiolabel incorporation occurred within 30 min after addition of the hormone. The results argue that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 causes either a decreased synthesis rate or a post-translational modification of this protein. This change joins the biosynthesis of calcium-binding protein as an early event in the response of chick embryonic intestine to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Computer analysis of double-labeled two-dimensional electrophoresis gels.

A computerized process for the automatic analysis of double-label autoradiography after two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been developed. Matching fluorographs and autoradiographs produced from gels containing 3H- and 14C-labeled proteins are digitized by a rotating drum densitometer and analyzed by the Man-computer Interactive Data Analysis System III. This system locates corresponding protein spots in the films with edge-detection algorithms, converts spot density readings to isotopic disintegrations by reference to standard curves, and computes a 3H:14C ratio for each spot in the gels. On the average, calculated ratios are accurate to approximately 9% for test strips of polyacrylamide gel containing uniform mixtures of 3H and 14C. Values obtained for two-dimensional gels containing n protein spots with a known 3H:14C ratio of 8.6 +/- 0.1 are as follows: 8.1 +/- 1.4 (n = 268), 8.8 +/- 2.1 (n = 278), 9.1 +/- 1.7 (n = 245), and 8.8 +/- 2.2 (n = 223). The computer process greatly reduces the time required to precisely compare two complex protein mixtures and has sufficient precision to detect a doubling in the biosynthesis of any individual protein.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Localization of proteolytic activity in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli.

An enzyme in the cytoplasmic membrane, nitrate reductase, can be solubilized by heating membranes to 60 degrees C for 10 min at alkaline pH. A protease in the cell envelope has been shown to be responsible for this solubilization. The localization of this protease in the outer membrane was demonstrated by separating the outer membrane from the cytoplasmic membrane, adding back various forms of outer membrane protein to the cytoplasmic membrane, and following the increase in nitrate reductase solubilization with increasing amounts of outer membrane proteins. This solubilization is accompanied by the cleavage of one of the subunits of nitrate reductase and is inhibited by the protease inhibitor p-aminobenzamidine. Analysis of membrane proteins synthesized by cells grown in the presence of various amounts of p-aminobenzamidine revealed that p-aminobenzamidine affects the synthesis of the major outer membrane proteins but has little effect on the synthesis of cytoplasmic membrane proteins. When outer membrane is reacted with the protease inhibitor [3H]diisopropylfluorophosphate, a single protein in the outer membrane is labeled. Since the interaction with diisopropylfluorophosphate is inhibited by p-aminobenzamidine, it is suggested that this single outer membrane protein is responsible for the in vitro solubilization of nitrate reductase and the in vivo processing of the major outer membrane proteins.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Representing medical knowledge: reconciling the present or creating the future?

Modern technology has sparked the creation of computing systems that perform many medically related tasks, but communication between these systems is limited, in part by differences in the terminology used for various purposes and in part by the changing nature of medical concepts. The Unified Medical Language System represents an attempt to find a means of translation between diverse knowledge systems. An alternative, which we propose, is to agree on a knowledge base for the future and make use of present accomplishments in moving toward that goal.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alternate approaches to a UMLS.

A scheme for the continuing development of Meta-1, a taxonomy of medical subjects based; on MeSH and other systems, is described. The objective is a single, structured classification for medical knowledge.

Classification↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A new format for the medical record.

Over the centuries, the medical record has become stereotyped. Reconsidering the purpose and organization of this document leads me to propose a four-part format consisting of administrative data, a patient synopsis, a chronological medical record, and a detailed medical record. The patient would be identified only in the administrative data section, leaving the rest of the record available for management, outcome, and cost studies, and protecting the patient's privacy. Adoption of this four-part format would make it easier to locate information in the medical record and would facilitate computerization. If the phraseology could be standardized, the new format would also allow easier data flow from one medical record to another and permit the construction of standardized disease profiles. Data on individual patients could then be compared with standardized profiles to identify deficiencies and redundancies in patient care.

Confidentiality↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Coding: why and how.

Codes are used in every aspect of our daily lives, and many of the coding schemes in use are inappropriate, poorly implemented, or too fragmented in their coverage. This paper describes various approaches to coding, pointing out their strengths, weaknesses, and most appropriate applications. Those attempting to set up a coding scheme are strongly advised to analyze their needs, select the approach that is best for the application at hand, and carefully monitor the implementation of the coding system they choose. Only by understanding and monitoring our coding schemes can we minimize the amount of inappropriate and exasperating codes in our daily lives.

Database Management Systems↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A name is not enough.

The body of medical knowledge is so vast, and finding a fact within it is often so difficult and frustrating, that various systems have been proposed to help. reviewing the various approaches reveals some of the difficulties of the retrieval task and why it has not been easy to devise a general approach. The imprecision of medical terminology is a major stumbling block. The development of specialized systems to serve particular medical interests has hampered the wider applicability of many such systems. This article offers eight characteristics for an ideal medical knowledge system. The key is for each medical term to be coded and independently defined, with synonymous terms to be equated through term codes. Any coded term could become the nucleus of a cluster of related, coded terms. The knowledge system would encompass all of medicine, would be in the public domain, and would be independent of hardware and software. While such a system is utopian, consideration of its characteristics can further the development of better interim systems.

Classification↗