The use of naftifine (Exoderil) cream in the treatment of dermatophytosis.
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Adolescent↗
Biomedical subjects
C T Lee
Publications and source records attributed to C T Lee.
Epidemiology of syphilis in Singapore over three decades (1955-1986).
The overall incidence of syphilis in the last three decades has decreased from 93.3 cases per 100,000 population in 1955 to 42.5 in 1986 amidst fluctuations in between. The decrease from 1955 to 1965 might be related to the widespread use of penicillins. The increase from 1965 to 1973 could be attributed to the influx of tourists and the use of Singapore as a rest and recreation centre during the Vietnam war period; better reporting system; and waning herd immunity as a result of disappearance of yaws. The introduction of the Medical Scheme and better contact tracing methods might account for the drop from 1974 to 1979. In the last 7 years, there was some fluctuations in the overall incidence, but the incidence of early infectious syphilis rose from 10 per 100,000 in 1979 to 29 in 1986 with the greatest increase in the female patients with early latent syphilis. Female prostitutes contributed a substantial proportion of all the cases of early infectious cases, accounting for 32% of all the cases in 1984. Moreover, female prostitutes were cited as the main source of contact, 46% in a local study. The incidence rate of congenital syphilis remained low over the last three decades, averaging 0.36 per 1000 live births. Both early and late syphilis occurred most commonly in the 20-29-year-old age group. The male to female ratio changed from 3.5 in 1976 to one in 1986 for early infectious syphilis while the ratio for late syphilis was 0.7 in 1976 and 1 in 1986. The closing of the gap reflects better clinic acceptance by both sexes, good contact tracing and better public health education.
Adolescent↗
Self-application of podophyllin resin for penile condylomata acuminata.
Two methods of podophyllin application, namely hospital-application (regimen A) and self-application (regimen B) of 25% podophyllin in tincture of benzoin compound for the treatment of penile condylomata were compared. The objective was to compare the response and safety of self-application with traditional hospital-application. A total of 100 men were selected, of which 64 were valid for evaluation of response. At six weeks' follow-up 66% and 72% of patients treated with regimen A and B, respectively were cured. Patients treated with regimen A were less compliant making only 58% of the required number of applications as compared with those treated with regimen B who made 92% of the applications. Of the patients successfully treated, 43% and 20% of those treated with regimens A and B, respectively were cured after only one or two applications (p greater than 0.1). Three patients--two treated with regimen A and one treated with regimen B suffered local reactions to the first application of podophyllin. All these patients recovered without sequelae. Self-application of podophyllin can therefore be used safely and effectively in selected men with penile condyloma acuminata.
Administration, Topical↗
Risk factors for acute and recurrent vaginal candidiasis in Singapore.
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Acute Disease↗
The significance of Candida-specific serum IgE in recurrent vaginal candidiasis.
Total and Candida-specific serum concentrations of IgE were studied in 21 patients who fulfilled the criteria for recurrent vaginal candidiasis, and 45 controls. The candida specific IgE levels were significantly higher in patients with recurrent vaginal candidiasis than the controls. There was no significant difference in the total IgE levels between the patients and the controls. IgE is postulated to inhibit the cellular immune response to Candida and thereby prevent the eradication of the organism. There may be a genetic basis for the increased serum IgE levels. Hyposensitisation may be an effective mode of therapy.
Adult↗
Epidemiology of infectious syphilis in Singapore.
The incidence of early infectious syphilis in Singapore rose from 8.7 per 100,000 in 1980 to 25 per 100,000 in 1984. In this epidemiological study of 100 patients with early syphilis, 70 were men, the mean age was 31.7 (range 17 to 68) years, 25 patients had primary syphilis, 47 secondary syphilis, and the remaining 28 had early latent syphilis. Female prostitutes were cited as sources of infection by 46 and homosexual contacts by 11. Reduced herd immunity, decreased use of penicillin, greater population movement, and decreased surveillance and awareness have contributed to this rise in infectious syphilis.
Adolescent↗
Three regimens of procaine penicillin G, Augmentin, and probenecid compared for treating acute gonorrhoea in men.
The efficacy of three penicillin regimens in treating uncomplicated gonorrhoea in men was evaluated. The regimens consisted of: Augmentin 3.25 g plus probenecid 1 g orally: aqueous procaine penicillin G 4.5 MIU intramuscularly and probenecid 1 g plus one tablet of Augmentin 375 mg orally; or aqueous procaine penicillin G 4.5 MIU intramuscularly and probenecid 1 g plus two tablets of Augmentin 375 mg orally. Cure rates for infections caused by penicillinase (beta lactamase) producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) were 87% (20/23) for regimen 1, 97% (28/29) for regimen 2, and 95% (19/20) for regimen 3. Thus the addition of one or two tablets of Augmentin 375 mg to aqueous procaine penicillin G and probenecid cured 96% (47/49) of infections caused by PPNG strains. All three regimens were 100% effective in eradicating infections caused by non-PPNG strains. Post gonococcal urethritis occurred in 24% of cases treated with regimen 1, 14% of cases treated with regimen 2, and 15% of cases treated with regimen 3. The geometric minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC90) of Augmentin for 72 PPNG and 162 non-PPNG isolates of N gonorrhoeae obtained before treatment were 1.98 and 0.55 mg/l, respectively. Regimen 2, besides being effective against infections caused by PPNG or non-PPNG strains, has the advantage of cost effectiveness and low toxicity. This regimen may be useful in treating gonorrhoea in areas of high prevalence of PPNG strains, such as South East Asia and Africa.
Acute Disease↗
Single dose cefoxitin in treating uncomplicated gonorrhoea caused by penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) and non-PPNG strains.
A total of 136 patients with uncomplicated gonorrhoea were treated with intramuscular cefoxitin 2 g (25 patients) or 1 g (111 patients) and oral probenecid 1 g. Cefoxitin 1 g cured 95% (42 out of 45 men and all of 14 women) with infections caused by penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) strains and 98% (all of 38 men and 13 out of 14 women) with non-PPNG infections, giving an overall cure rate of 96%. The rate of postgonococcal urethritis (PGU) in men treated with 1 g cefoxitin was 28%. No serious side effects of treatment were observed in patients treated with either dose. The failure rate of 7% in men infected with PPNG strains who were treated with the 1 g dose is, however, disturbing. We therefore recommend that intramuscular cefoxitin 2 g and oral probenecid 1 g may be used to treat uncomplicated gonorrhoea, especially in areas where PPNG strains are common.
Cefoxitin↗
Purulent penile ulcers of patients in Singapore.
In 80 patients with painful purulent penile ulcers who attended the outpatient service of Middle Road Hospital in Singapore, Haemophilus ducreyi was isolated from 18 (22%), herpes simplex virus type 2 from nine (11%), and Neisseria gonorrhoeae from eight (10%). Primary pathogens were not isolated from 45 (57%) men. Painful purulent penile ulcers were more common in uncircumcised men, and patients had often acquired the disease after sexual intercourse with prostitutes in Singapore.
Adolescent↗
Foscarnet (phosphonoformate sodium) in the treatment of recurrent male genital herpes.
Foscarnet 0.3% cream was compared with placebo in a randomised double-blind study. The objective was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy and safety in men with recurrent genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections. A total of 51 patients were selected, of which 49 (25 treated with foscarnet) were valid for efficacy analysis. Different variables were analysed including the time to healing, alleviation of symptoms, side effects and the results of viral cultures. The median time to healing was 4 days in foscarnet treated patients compared to 5 days in placebo controls. The difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.22). However, foscarnet alleviated the severity of pain and also significantly reduced the median time to abolition pain to 3 days from 6.6 days in placebo treated patients (p = 0.0028). An antiviral effect of foscarnet was evident. The percentage of positive viral cultures found after starting treatment was 15% in the foscarnet-treated group compared to 44% in the placebo-treated group (p = 0.01). Treatment with foscarnet cream was not associated with any significant side effects.
Administration, Topical↗
Clinical experience in the use of clavulanic acid/penicillin regimens in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea.
In an attempt to investigate the possibility of re-establishing the use of penicillins in the treatment of gonorrhoea in Singapore, a series of studies were conducted between 1981 and 1984, to evaluate the efficacy of a variety of penicillin-clavulanic acid combinations. A total of 6 different regimens were evaluated, and we concluded that 3 regimens consisting of 2 doses of Augmentin 3.25 g P.O., 4 hours apart (regimen C), aqueous procaine penicillin G (APPG) 4.5 mega units I.M. + Augmentin 375 mg + probenecid 1g P.O. (regimen E), and APPG 4.5 mega units I.M. + Augmentin 750 mg + probenecid 1g P.O. (regimen F) were very efficacious against infection due to PPNG and non PPNG. The cure rates obtained were 96.6% (regimens C and E), and 95% (regimen F) for infection due to PPNG and 95.6% (regimen C), and 100% (regimens E and F) for those due to non PPNG. Regimen E consisting of aqueous procaine penicillin G 4.5 meg units I.M. + Augmentin 375 mg + probenecid 1g P.O. was felt to be economical as well as effective against PPNG and non PPNG, and had the potential advantage of being effective against incubating syphillis. Regimen consisting 2 oral doses of Augmentin 3.25 g, 4 hours apart was an effective therapy for patients who preferred oral medication alone. However, this therapy was most costly. No serious side effects of treatment were observed with any of the regimens used.
Adult↗
The management of purulent penile ulcers in Singapore.
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Adolescent↗
The microbiology of non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) in Singapore.
Ninety-six men with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) were studied to determine the microbiology of NGU in Singapore. Chlamydia trachomatis emerged as the most common aetiologic agent, being isolated in 29 (30.2%) of 96 patients. The recovery rate of other potential pathogens and their significance locally are discussed.
Chlamydia Infections↗
Absence of generalized immunosuppression in C57BL/6J mice implanted with Lewis T241 fibrosarcoma or Lewis lung carcinoma.
The immune status of C57BL/6J mice implanted with Lewis T241 fibrosarcoma or Lewis lung (LL) carcinoma was investigated on days 14 and 28 after implantation. Splenic lymphocyte responses were assessed in mitogen (Con A, LPS) mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), natural killer (NK), graft-vs-host (GVH), and interleukin production assays. Except for NK-cell cytotoxicity, all other immunologic parameters were either comparable to those in medium-implanted controls or augmented. NK cytotoxicity was reduced in both tumor-bearing groups on day 28. The provision of NK potentiation therapy (beta-interferon, polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid) to T241 mice under various treatment conditions did not have any significant effect on lung metastasis or survival. The results of this study do not support the thesis that T241- or LL-bearing C57BL/6J mice are generally immunosuppressed. Indeed, when immune functions were assessed on the basis of total splenic activity, each of the measured immunologic parameters was substantially greater in animals with tumors than without. Further it seems improbable, considering the magnitude of the NK-cell defect in T241 mice on days 14 and 28 after implantation and the absence of a therapeutic response to NK-cell stimulants, that NK-cell cytotoxicity is intrinsically associated with resistance to tumor progression in this model.
Animals↗
Radioimmunoassay for immunoglobulin G autoantibody on the surface of mouse erythrocytes.
A radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the determination of autoantibody on the surface of erythrocytes from New Zealand Black (NZB) mice is described. This method was adapted to hemagglutination plates in order to facilitate the separation of bound and unbound 125I-labeled rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulin G with an automated cell harvester. Intra- and interday precision, over the useful quantitative range of the standard curve, was 3.9 and 12.9%, respectively. The RIA was five to ten times more sensitive than the direct antiglobulin test which, unlike the RIA, provided little quantitative information on a group of 20 experimental NZB mice. This is publication number 562 from the Department of Basic and Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Medical University of South Carolina.
Animals↗
Spectrum analysis of human pulse.
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Gastrointestinal Diseases↗
Tiamulin feed medication for the maintenance of weight gains in the presence of mycoplasmal pneumonia in swine.
Tiamulin, a semisynthetic antibiotic, was fed to growing pigs and its value in maintaining weight gain and feed efficiency in the face of mycoplasmal pneumonia was determined. Four treatments divided among 64 growing pigs from a conventional pig farm were used to test the effects of tiamulin administered in feed at levels of 10, 20 and 30 ppm. All pigs were artificially infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Medication was started on the 14th day after infection (d 0) and continued for 28 d (d 0 to 28). Pigs were continued on test for an additional 14-d period for further observation (d 28 to 42) after the medicated feed was withdrawn. Tiamulin fed at 10, 20 and 30 ppm for 28 d did not cure the mycoplasmal pneumonia. The effect of tiamulin on growth performance was not the same for all periods. During the medication period (d 0 to 28), both daily gain and feed conversion were not significantly affected by dietary tiamulin concentrations. For the post-treatment period (d 28 to 42), tiamulin improved daily gain (P less than .05) and feed conversion (P less than .05) over those of nonmedicated controls, and the responses of both daily gain and feed efficiency increased linearly (P less than .05) as dietary tiamulin levels increased.
Animals↗
Simple method for quantifying pulmonary metastases in a murine fibrosarcoma.
A simple method is described for quantitating pulmonary metastases in C57BL/6J mice implanted with the Lewis T241 fibrosarcoma. Lungs were removed from tumor-bearing mice, homogenized, and diluted to 14 ml with supplemented Roswell Park Memorial Institute Tissue Culture Medium 1640 (+5% fetal calf serum). Twenty-five microliters of lung suspension from individual mice were added to a flat-bottomed microtiter plate containing 175 microliters of supplemented media, pulsed with [3H]thymidine, and incubated for 20 hr at 37 degrees. The cells were processed with a multiple automated sample harvester and counted in a liquid scintillator. Total lung burden was extrapolated from measured radioactivity (as cpm) through the use of a standard curve. This method is reasonably accurate and precise and provides more quantitative information on the pulmonary metastatic process than most conventional assays.
Animals↗