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Biomedical subjects

C Smith

Publications and source records attributed to C Smith.

At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Withdrawal phenomena after atenolol and bopindolol: hormonal changes in normal volunteers.

1. In order to observe and compare the withdrawal phenomena which follow treatment with the beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs, bopindolol (with partial agonist activity PAA) and atenolol (without PAA), two groups of six normal volunteers were studied before, during and after 16 days drug administration. 2. Measurements of plasma levels of cortisol, prolactin, insulin, noradrenaline, adrenaline, glucose and potassium were made during a pre-treatment baseline period, on maximum dose and for 21 days after drug withdrawal. Isoprenaline infusions were given to determine sensitivity of heart rate responses and haemodynamic changes measured in response to physiological manoeuvres. 3. Following atenolol withdrawal the results show hormonal evidence of adrenergic overactivity in the form of elevation of plasma cortisol, insulin and glucose levels. After bopindolol withdrawal there was, in contrast, an overshoot of plasma prolactin and a persistent elevation of plasma potassium and adrenaline post-isoprenaline. 4. The hormonal changes which follow withdrawal of atenolol and bopindolol are associated with haemodynamic changes reported elsewhere (Walden et al., 1990). 5. These observations provide confirmatory evidence of a post beta-adrenoceptor blockade withdrawal syndrome which differs between the two drugs studied and this may reflect the properties of the drugs, in particular the PAA of bopindolol.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1990

Severe intravascular haemolysis in a renal transplant recipient due to anti-B of donor origin.

A group B recipient of a group 0 kidney developed severe intravascular haemolysis due to the formation of anti-B. Immunoglobulin allotyping of donor serum, recipient serum and 'unexpected' anti-B antibody showed the antibody to be of donor origin. The patient and donor genotypes were Gm 3;5/3;5 and Gm 1,2;21/1;21, respectively, and the anti-B antibody allotype was Gm 1;21. The group B recipient of the other donor kidney showed no evidence of haemolysis. Possible factors influencing the occurrence and severity of post-transplantation haemolysis are discussed. The production of anti-A or anti-B antibodies in non-group 0 patients who receive group 0 organ transplants is well described [1-8]. We report a case of severe intravascular haemolysis in a group B patient who received a group 0 kidney, together with immunoglobulin allotyping studies which show conclusively that the antibody responsible for the haemolysis was of donor origin.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1990

Pituitary adrenal and gonadal endocrine suppression for the primary treatment of prostate cancer.

Sixty new patients with advanced local or metastatic prostatic cancer were randomised to receive either bilateral orchiectomy, orchiectomy plus dexamethasone 0.5 mg in the morning and 0.3 mg at night, or orchiectomy plus cyproterone acetate 100 mg 3 times per day. All surviving patients have been followed up for a minimum of 2 years. An improvement in both objective and subjective responses in patients receiving dexamethasone compared with those receiving cyproterone acetate suggests a possible additional role for the pituitary in the control of prostatic tumour growth. A larger study with longer follow-up may be indicated.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

England and Wales: perspectives in school health.

The main roots of health care and health education for young people in the United Kingdom are described. Contributions of the National Health Service to health screening and developmental assessment are described, primarily through the function of school health services. The development and future potential for effective school health education also is considered in the light of the impending introduction of a new national curriculum. The evaluation of the concept of the "health promoting school" is highlighted as a key area for future development, together with more emphasis on achieving a balance between health enhancement and educational outcomes to school health education. Greater priority for evaluation of school health education also is advocated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. A study of an indigenous African population.

Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (CFA) has not been described previously in any large group of indigenous African patients. This was a retrospective study of 46 such patients diagnosed as having CFA during a 73-month period. The clinical spectrum of illness was similar to that of other groups studied worldwide. Cigarette smoking was associated with a poorer outcome and is a potentially preventable cause of deterioration.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1990

Relationship between plasma glucose, brain lactate, and intracellular pH during cerebral ischemia in gerbils.

The dose-response relation between plasma glucose and brain lactate and the relation of these parameters to intracellular pH during severe cerebral ischemia have not been well characterized over a wide range of plasma glucose levels. Experiments to delineate these relations in the gerbil model of global ischemia were performed by using phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure intracellular pH and a new method to measure brain lactate. Ischemia increased final brain lactate linearly 4 mumol/g for every 100 mg/dl increase in plasma glucose up to 650 mg/dl (p = 0.0001, r2 = 0.9); beyond 650 mg/dl, saturation of the glucose transport-glycolysis system occurred. Plasma glucose correlated better with ischemic intracellular pH than did brain lactate. However, when brain lactate levels are compared with intracellular pH during ischemia, the relation may be threshold rather than linear. A narrow transition zone, during which ischemic intracellular pH decreased precipitously with increasing brain lactate, was observed between 17 and 22 mumol/g; below 17 mumol/g, intracellular pH remained stable at 6.8-6.9, whereas above 22 mumol/g, intracellular pH decreased maximally to about 6.2. The marked decrease in intracellular pH that occurs when brain lactate surpasses 17 mumol/g suggests that this sudden drop in intracellular pH may account for the "lactate threshold" for increased cerebral ischemic damage.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

Characterization of a tissue kallikrein in human prolactin-secreting adenomas.

Immunoreactive tissue kallikrein was co-localized with prolactin in all the eleven prolactin-secreting adenomas of the human anterior pituitary gland examined in this study. The intracellular distribution of immunoreactivity in the prolactin-secreting cells suggests that tissue kallikrein is located within the Golgi complex of these cells. Both the intracellular hormone-processing action and the kininogenase activity of tissue kallikrein may be of functional importance in human prolactinomas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The use of elite nucleus units in beef cattle breeding.

Simple plans for the formation and continuation of elite nucleus breeding units utilizing multiple ovulation and embryo transfer for the genetic improvement of beef cattle were investigated. Three policies of forming nucleus units were considered, each in relation to conventional breeding herds with a possible rate of annual genetic change of .17 phenotypic standard deviation (SD) units and also to breeding herds with no genetic improvement. The genetic improvement (as a genetic lift) from the formation schemes ranged from .43 to 1.38 SD units. Three policies for the continuation of the nucleus units were outlined. The best scheme resulted in almost double the total genetic change possible from conventional breeding herds over a 20-yr period. Transfer of these gains from nucleus to breeding herds and to the commercial herds also was considered. Some advantages and limitations to nucleus breeding schemes were discussed. The opportunity exists for progressive breeders, or groups, to make use of improved genetic evaluation systems (expected breeding values) and embryo transfer to greatly accelerate rates of genetic change in economic efficiency of beef cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Xenograft rejection of class I-expressing transgenic skin is CD4-dependent and CD8-independent.

B10.PD1 mice are transgenic animals expressing a class I MHC antigen of pigs. B10.PD1 skin graft survival on B6 mice was prolonged by anti-CD4 antibody treatment in vivo but not by anti-CD8 treatment. These results suggest: (1) that the defect in cell-mediated recognition of xenografts involves an interaction with the xeno-MHC antigens themselves and not with the cells which express them; (2) that antigen processing and presentation of xeno-antigens on responder-type APCs is required in vivo; and (3) that CD8-independent, possibly noncytotoxic, mechanisms of xenograft rejection may exist.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Intraoperative topical etidocaine for reducing postoperative pain after laparoscopic tubal ligation.

Self-reported postoperative pain was reduced significantly (P less than .05) for up to six hours in a group of ambulatory surgical patients with the application of 5 mL of 1% etidocaine to the banded portion of each fallopian tube after laparoscopic tubal ligation with Falope Rings in comparison to a control group receiving normal saline. The etidocaine group had less nausea and vomiting and smaller antiemetic and analgesic requirements than did the control group, though those results were not statistically significant.

Acetanilides↗
PubMed1990

Cyclosporine-induced graft-versus-host disease following autologous bone marrow transplantation in acute myeloid leukaemia.

Cyclosporine was used to induce graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) receiving autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT). Nine consecutive patients with AML in remission were conditioned with either busulphan and cyclophosphamide or melphalan and total body irradiation (TBI) followed by ABMT. Cyclosporine, 1 mg/kg daily from days 1-28 was administered intravenously in four patients and orally in five. Acute GVHD of the skin, confirmed by histological and immunological criteria occurred in three patients, 4-28 days after ABMT and lasted 8-18 days. Incidence and severity of GVHD were independent of cyclosporine levels. Three patients subsequently relapsed, of whom two had had evidence of GVHD. All of these patients were in second remission at time of graft, and therefore poor risk. The potential of cyclosporine to induce GVHD in the AML autograft setting is demonstrated, although the significance of this observation in terms of an antileukaemia effect needs clarification.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Anti-RNA polymerase I antibodies in the urine of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Urine samples from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (n = 80), patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (n = 21), and healthy controls (n = 36) were analyzed by radio-immunoassay (RIA) for anti-RNA polymerase I (RPI) antibodies. Significant levels of anti-RPI antibodies were detected in the urine of 46% of the patients with SLE but in only 19% of the patients with RA and in no sample from healthy individuals. The presence of anti-RPI antibodies in the urine was confirmed by demonstrating that IgG purified from the urine of patients with SLE was capable of inhibiting the transcriptional activity of RPI in vitro. If the quantity of anti-RPI antibodies excreted is related to disease activity, analysis of urine for these antibodies may be a useful alternative for the purpose of monitoring the progression of disease in individuals with SLE because of the ease by which the sample can be collected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Delayed engraftment associated with splenomegaly in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukaemia.

There is no general agreement about the effect of an enlarged spleen on the outcome after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). In this retrospective analysis, we compared rate of engraftment, haematological recovery and survival in 42 CML BMT recipients, 19 with splenomegaly and 23 without. Other variables analysed included interval from diagnosis to BMT, disease status at BMT, conditioning regimen, additional splenic irradiation, marrow cell dose, donor recipient ABO match and graft-versus-host disease. In multivariate analysis, the only significant variable was the presence or absence of splenomegaly. Splenomegaly was significantly correlated with delayed engraftment and graft failure. Patients with delayed engraftment experienced higher mortality, largely due to sepsis. These results emphasize the adverse impact of splenomegaly upon BMT survival in CML, and suggest that splenic irradiation does not favourably affect the early outcome after BMT.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Anti-inflammatory and safety profile of DuP 697, a novel orally effective prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor.

DuP 697 (5-bromo-2[4-fluorophenyl]-3-[4-methylsulfonylphenyl]-thiophene) is a potent inhibitor of paw swelling in nonestablished and established adjuvant arthritis in rats (ED50 = 0.03 and 0.18 mg/kg/day, respectively). DuP 697 had no effect on phenylquinone writhing in rats (ED50 greater than 100 mg/kg), but was analgetic against inflammation-related pain in the Randall-Selitto assay (ED30 = 3.5 mg/kg) and was a very potent antipyretic agent (ED50 = 0.05 mg/kg). The drug was not ulcerogenic in rats at single doses up to 400 mg/kg. DuP 697 (5 mg/kg i.v.) did not alter renal blood flow or the renal vascular response to angiotensin II in furosemide-pretreated, volume-depleted rats. In contrast, indomethacin (5 mg/kg i.v.) decreased renal blood flow and potentiated the renal vascular response to angiotensin II in these animals. DuP 697 was a moderate inhibitor of bull seminal vesicle prostaglandin (PG) synthesis (IC50 = 2.4 X 10(-5) M) and a potent inhibitor of rat brain PG synthesis (IC50 = 4.5 X 10(-6) M) but was ineffective against rat kidney PG synthesis (IC50 7.5 X 10(-5) M). These differential effects of DuP 697 on PG synthesis by various tissues may account for its high potency as an anti-inflammatory and antipyretic agent and its minimal toxicity profile.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1990

Prison adjustment of youthful inmates with mental retardation.

Adaptation of young inmates with and without mental retardation to prison regime was examined. The mean number of disciplinary reports received across five categories of infractions were compared. Differences were evaluated with one-way analysis of variance and follow-up tests. Results indicated that (a) youthful mentally retarded and nonretarded prison inmates did not adjust to incarceration in a similar manner and (b) behavior in prison was significantly different across certain measures by group. Inmates with mental retardation demonstrated poor overall adjustment in prison.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Post training REMs coincident auditory stimulation enhances memory in humans.

Sleep activity was monitored in 20 freshman college students for two consecutive nights. Subjects were assigned to 4 equal groups and all were asked to learn a complex logic task before bed on the second night. Two groups of subjects learned the task with a constant clicking noise in the background (cued groups), while two groups simply learned the task (non cued). During the night, one cued and one non cued group were presented with auditory clicks during REM sleep such as to coincide with all REMs of at least 100 microvolts. The second cued group was given auditory clicks during REM sleep, but only during the REMs "quiet" times. The second non-cued control group was never given any nighttime auditory stimulations. The cued REMs coincident group showed a significant 23% improvement in task performance when tested one week later. The non cued REMs coincident group showed only an 8.8% improvement which was not significant. The cued REMs quiet and non-stimulated control groups showed no change in task performance when retested. The results were interpreted as support for the idea that the cued auditory stimulation induced a "recall" of the learned material during the REM sleep state in order for further memory processing to take place.

Acoustic Stimulation↗