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Biomedical subjects

C Schooler

Publications and source records attributed to C Schooler.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Social dysfunction and treatment failure in schizophrenia.

Recent evaluation of a 20-year-old experimental ward resocialization program for chronic schizophrenics indicates that the general level of activity, much of it social, was disruptive to the psychological functioning of patients, particularly sicker ones. Antipsychotic drugs positively affected psychological functioning and also decreased social behavior. A review of other studies indicates that we are not unique in finding that intensive socioenvironmental therapies have adverse effects on schizophrenics. Furthermore, a wide range of studies indicates that schizophrenics are prone to avoid social interaction and show a decrement in functioning as the intensity of such interactions increases. Unfortunately, although various hypotheses seem feasible, little is known about the reasons for schizophrenics' social dysfunction and little research is presently being done. Given the recent findings that neuroleptic drug treatment by itself is insufficient to keep many patients out of the hospital and that those that stay in the community show an increase in withdrawal, the development of successful treatment programs for schizophrenia may hinge upon our learning more about the nature of and reasons for the schizophrenic's social dysfunction.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Psychological correlates of monoamine oxidase activity in normals.

This study replicates and extends earlier work by finding that low levels of platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity correlate with sensation seeking, high ego strength, positive affect, and high leisure time activity levels, somewhat similar psychological correlates also being found for plasma amine oxidase activity. Although there are several ways in which a schizophrenia/MAO relationship may exist and still be congruent with the present data, these results pose difficulties for theories which link low MAO activity levels specifically to schizophrenia. Nothing in the present findings, however, is incongruent with the possibility of an association between low platelet MAO activity and bipolar affective disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Evoked response and kinesthetic measures of augmenting/reducing in schizophrenics: replications and extensions.

This study represents an attempt to replicate the central results of earlier work on stimulus intensity control. It uses a diverse sample of 40 hospitalized schizophrenic subjects, both chronic and acute. Two measures of stimulus intensity control were used: the Petrie kinesthetic figural aftereffects procedure (KFA), and the EEG method of average evoked response (AER). Finding the earlier results generally applicable, it presents a model of the function of stimulus intensity control in schizophrenia, which suggests that acute schizophrenics are particularly vulnerable to being inundated by stimuli, and therefore, that in order to protect themselves, they tend to reduce the perceived intensity of stimuli. Chronic schizophreniics have higher AER amplitudes and reduce less than acutes, suggesting that among chronics, the reducing mechanism either never was present or failed, whereas paranoid schizophrenics tend to be augmenters--a response style consistent with vigilant scanning.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Age effects on analogy-based memory for text.

We examined age influences on analogy-based learning, in particular, analogy-based text memory. Adults (20-72 years) read pairs of passages describing analogous topics. We manipulated encoding complexity for the first passage and superficial topic similarity between passages, and assessed second-passage memory. Across all age groups, memory was better in the superficially similar topic condition only when encoding complexity had been simple. More critically, performance was better for similar topics only for the youngest adults. Younger adults performed worse than older adults in the dissimilar condition. Thus, only older adults identified and used the parallels between passages spontaneously.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cigarette advertising to counter New Year's resolutions.

One process through which tobacco advertising may work is by reducing rates of quitting. Theories of addiction support the notion that relapse can be prompted by environmental cues. Further, because withdrawal symptoms occur over a predictable time frame, and because the most popular time to quit smoking is the beginning of the year, as a New Year's resolution, tobacco companies can make use of advertising to remind quitters of their need to smoke. Study 1 examined advertising in 10 popular magazines. It found a higher number of ads in January and February than the rest of the year after 1984. Study 2 examined cigarette advertising on the back cover of 10 other popular magazines. This study also found a higher rate of cigarette advertisements in January and February than for the rest of the year. The results suggest that cigarette marketers may be attempting to preempt quitting by cuing smoking behavior.

Advertising↗