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Biomedical subjects

C Schaefer

Publications and source records attributed to C Schaefer.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Playground equipment injuries in a large, urban school district.

We studied the epidemiologic features of playground equipment-related injuries occurring in a large, urban school district over a two-year period. Nurses in each of the district's 68 elementary schools completed self-coded reporting forms on all injuries meeting standardized criteria. A total of 511 equipment-related injuries were reported, an incidence of 8.9 injuries per 1,000 student-years. One-fourth of the injuries were severe, and climbing equipment was disproportionately represented among playground equipment associated with injuries. Extreme variability was found among school-specific rates of equipment injury, with schools at the two extremes separated by as much as a 40-fold difference in incidence. Two school characteristics--smaller student enrollments and the presence of alternative educational programs--were significantly associated with higher equipment-related injury rates.

Arizona↗
PubMed1984

Epidemiology of injuries in a large, urban school district.

Injuries represent the single greatest threat to the health and well-being of US children. A large number of childhood injuries are sustained in schools, yet little is currently known of the epidemiologic features of school-related injuries. A surveillance of injuries occurring in a large, urban school district during a 2-year period was conducted. Nurses in each of the district's 96 schools completed reporting forms on all injuries meeting standardized criteria, and both principals and nurses completed questionnaires on school characteristics that were judged potentially important to the injury rate in individual schools. A total of 5,379 injuries were reported, among the district's 55,000 students, for an overall injury rate of 49 injuries/1,000 student-years. Injury rates were higher for boys than girls at all age levels. Self-caused and sports-related injuries comprised nearly half of all those reported, and 14% were related to use of playground or sports equipment. Eighteen percent of injuries were severe, and playground- and equipment-related injuries were significantly more likely to be severe (P less than .001). Rates of injury among individual schools varied markedly, with schools at the two extremes separated by a 25-fold difference in rates. Higher overall injury rates were found in schools with longer hours, alternative educational programs, less experienced school nurses, and lower student-to-staff ratios (P less than .0001).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Comparison of two modes of stress measurement: daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events.

The standard life events methodology for the prediction of psychological symptoms was compared with one focusing on relatively minor events, namely, the hassles and uplifts of everyday life. Hassles and Uplifts Scales were constructed and administered once a month for 10 consecutive months to a community sample of middle-aged adults. It was found that the Hassles Scale was a better predictor of concurrent and subsequent psychological symptoms than were the life events scores, and that the scale shared most of the variance in symptoms accounted for by life events. When the effects of life events scores were removed, hassles and symptoms remained significantly correlated. Uplifts were positively related to symptoms for women but not for men. Hassles and uplifts were also shown to be related, although only modestly so, to positive and negative affect, thus providing discriminate validation for hassles and uplifts in comparison to measures of emotion. It was concluded that the assessment of daily hassles and uplifts may be a better approach to the prediction of adaptational outcomes than the usual life events approach.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1981

The health-related functions of social support.

Social support research has been hampered by a lack of clarity both in the definitions of social support and in the conceptualization of its effects on health outcomes. The present study compared social network size and three types of perceived social support--tangible, emotional, and informational--in relation to stressful life events, psychological symptoms and morale, and physical health status in a sample of 100 persons 45-64 years old. Social network size was empirically separable from, though correlated with, perceived social support and had a weaker overall relationship to outcomes than did support. Low tangible support and emotional support, in addition to certain life events, were independently related to depression and negative morale; informational support was associated with positive morale. Neither social support nor stressful life events were associated with physical health. It was concluded that social support research would benefit from attention to the multidimensionality of support and greater specificity in hypotheses about the relationship between types of support and adaptational outcomes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1980

The impact of the peer culture in the residential treatment of youth.

In most residential treatment centers (RTC's), the prevailing practice is to place about 15 emotionally disturbed and/or delinquent youth together in a group living unit. Typically, two daytime child care counselors supervise each living unit. In this type of group living environment, youngsters inevitably have much more social interaction with each other than with adults. What effect does this extended exposure to a large number of socially deviant peers have on a child? Is the RTC peer culture predominantly prosocial or anti-social? What can staff do to minimize or augment the social influence of the peer group? These are some of the questions that will be addressed in this article.

Adolescent↗