Biomedical subjects
C Salmon
Publications and source records attributed to C Salmon.
Inheritance of cis-AB in three generations (family Lam.).
In a case of disputed paternity genetic incompatibility was observed in the ABO blood group system between mother (O) and child (AB). From biostatistical evaluation of 21 genetic markers, including HLA phenotypes, a high value of probability for paternity, maternity and parentage was found between the child, the child's mother, the accused man and his mother. Substitution of the newborn was thereby excluded. The serostatistical evaluation of maternity and paternity could be supported by anthropological opinion. In serological investigations of the ABH system the A and B antigens of the 'A2B' cells were found to be abnormal in the child, the child's father, and the father's mother: the A was weaker than normal A1 but stronger than normal A2; the B was found to be abnormal which in addition was documented through occurrence of irregular anti-B antibodies in the child. In comparison to normal controls (A1, A2, B, A1B, A2B) diminished activity of alpha-D-N-acetylgalactosamine and alpha-D-galactosyltransferase were observed in the three 'A2B' propositi. These facts confirmed the existence of a cis-AB gene in the Lam. family which the child inherited from her father and the child's father from his mother. Assuming a population frequency of 1.1 X 10(-5) for the cis-AB gene, the probability for paternity was calculated from all genetic markers to be W = 99.9999985%.
[Contribution of immunohematology to the understanding of autoimmune conditions].
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Blood groups changes in preleukemic states.
Modifications of blood groups in the course of malignant hemopathies are related to the disease itself and appear to be essentially clonal. They refer not only to the glycolipidic ABH and associated antigens, but also to other blood group systems or other genetic markers. These multiple abnormalities are observed in the preleukemic states as well as in the actual leukaemias. Similar but limited to one genetic unit abnormalities have been noticed among apparently normal subjects, especially in the aged. The various modifications observed are indeed related to the genetic function, and the clonal character is in favor of this assumption. The evidence of abnormalities affecting two genetic systems which are linked ABO and AK is a further argument supporting this hypothesis. Furthermore, the distribution of immunoglobulin marker abnormalities corresponds to that of one of the haplotypes of the Gm genotype. Finally, we were able to demonstrate that the glycosyltransferase itself is abnormal too, in the case of ABH antigen abnormalities. In all the cases investigated to date, when apparently new characters seemed to be observed, they are in fact unconverted substrates, which are to be compared to the carcinoembryonic antigens.
An auto-anti-b in an a1b person. Serological studies.
The serum of a patient (Mr. Lat) with the regular blood group A1 B contains an anti-B reacting with all cells having a B antigen except Bx and cis AB. The anti-B reacts at 4 degrees C and occasionally at room temperature as shown by agglutination, absorption-eluction and by thermo-dynamic assays. The antibody is regarded as an irregular autoantibody belonging to the group of the so called "suppressed" or "latent" antibodies.
[Cad antigen in the French population].
An investigation of Cad phenotypes in the French population had been carried out in 1973, in four Blood Transfusion Centers (Mulhouse, Nancy, Paris, Versailles), B and O red cells were tested with the Dolichos Biflorus lectin. Out of 78.528 donors, 56 were found to have the Cad antigen on their red cells. The mean frequency was 0,07%. Nevertheless, this frequency varied among the four above mentioned Blood Transfusion Centers: the observed differences were probably due to the preparation procedure of the Dolichos biflorus extract. The family investigation permitted the analysis of four families with at least three Cad individuals. The independence of the Cad system and of Auberger, Gc, Hp, C'3, PGM, Pac and ADA was demonstrated. A quantitative agglutination study on these Cad samples using the Dolichos biflorus lectin,and a selected AB serum showed a high variability of the erythrocyte Cad Strength, even within one family. Most Cad samples were found polyagglutinable when a sensitive technique and selected AB sera were used. All adult sera contained an anti-Cad1 antibody, except Cad1 individuals. Although strong Sda reactivity was always found in Cad red cells, the anti-Cad and anti Sda specificities were not identical: this was demonstrated by the absorption and inhibition tests of anti-Cad and anti-Sda reagents absorption and inhibition tests of anti-Cad and anti-Sda reagents with Sda material. From thf Cad red cells, there was no evidence of the existence of separable anti-A1 and anti-Cad agglutinins in the Dolichos biflorus lectin.
ABO antigens and enzymes. As an introduction.
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[Proposed practical classification of weak B phenotypes B 3, Bx, B el].
Although the first weak B phenotypes have been observed some thirty years ago, very few comparative studies have been done until now. In this work, different samples were analysed, using immunogenetic methods, thermodynamics, agglutination kinetics and agglutination profiles. Almost hundred weak B samples were tested, belonging to twenty nine families including cis AB but exclusing acquired B and Bh. Using these methods it could be evidenced that the reactive structures differ from one family to another, but are strictly the same within one family. Consequently, each sample should have been called from the family mane; from a practical point of view, it was but necessary to agree on a simple classification. The simplest criteria were looked for such as agglutination velocity on a tile, agglutination picture, presence or absence of anti-B in serum... Three groups were then distinguished: 1) B3, for which the agglutination velocity is high (less than or equal to 30 inches), giving a typical mixed field agglutination pattern; there is no anti-B in the serum; 2) Bx, for which the agglutination velocity is low (larger than or equal to 30 inches), giving generally a weak agglutination pattern; there is a weak anti-B in serum; 3) Bel, for which there is no agglutination at all; the presence of B antigen on the membrane being evidenced by a fixation-elution test; in these three conditions genetic studies proved the phenotype being due to an allele at the ABO locus, the Bel class is the most "discutable"; when an important secretion of B substance can be evidenced in saliva, and the phenotype is proved to be inherited as a dominant character, the appellation Bm can be proposed. On the contrary, when genetics suggest the presence of a modifying gene, the Bel mod or By appellation can be used, according as the type of modification is dominant or recessive. Only one sample appeared to be unclassable, for which the fixation-elution test is positive, but only 5 to 10% of the red cells are agglutinated, giving a dual population pattern; the galactosyl-transferase activity seems to be normal, as well as the--delta H (20.000 cal/mol.). The B weak appellation appears to be the most appropriate for this given sample. This case expected, the proposed practical classification appears to fit well the studied phenotypes. As the various studies on weak B phenotypes, reported in the literature have not been compared within a same laboratory, using the same technics, it appears illusive to apply the proposed classification to the different reported samples. Several already published samples form a part of the present study, but their appellation do not correspond to the previous one; stricklingly, only few B3 (new appellation) have been described in the literature, which let one think that they might be undetected using classical grouping tests, and thus considered as normal B. Of course, there is not an absolute correspondance between the criteria defining A3, Ax, Ael phenotypes and those proposed here for B3, Bx, Bel...
[Allelic enhancement].
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[Alain Gerbal (1937-1976)].
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An unusual Rh phenotype indicating heterogeneity of the Cw antigen.
A family is reported in which a new Cw antigen occurred in two generations. This was recognized by 17 anti-Cw sera, but by none of the 21 anti-C sera which were, however, shown to react strongly with common Cw+ cells. This unusual finding provides evidence that the Cw antigen is in fact heterogeneous. On the basis of data obtained from absorption-elution and coagglutination studies a tentative explanation is attempted: common Cw+ phenotypes are assumed to be Cw (+1+2) and the present phenotype Cw (+1-2). Anti-Cw sera should accordingly be anti-Cw1, whereas anti-C sera should only react with Cw2.
Groups of alpha-D- galactosyltransferase activity in sera of individuals with normal B phenotype. II. Relationship between transferase activity and red cell agglutinability.
In the Paris population of blood donors with normal B phenotype, two groups can be formed owing to their respective serum alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity and red cell agglutinability with an anti-B antibody. Both parameters are closely correlated. The agglutinability groups partially overlap. In an African population from various ethnical origins, this correlation was observed only in some individuals. 11 among 20 subjects belonged to a third group defined by a high transferase activity. The third group with the strongest agglutinability previously described by GIBBS et al. [6] were not encountered. On the other hand, serum transferase activity varied inversely as agglutination scores with anti-H (Ulex). Both parameters are closely correlated but not in the same way in Caucasian as in African individuals. In the latter, this relation does not depend on the agglutinability group. The H antigen strength variability, according to ethnical origins, may explain these results.
Acquired B antigen disappearance by in vitro acetylation associated with A1 activity restoration.
The chemical acetylation of RBC bearing the acquired B antigen led to the disappearance of the agglutinability by anti-B and restored the A1 specificity. The same results are obtained using RBC transformed in vitro by a Clostridium Tertium filtrate, where a deacetylase was reported.
Detection of A1A2 and A2AAm1 heterozygotes among human A blood group phenotypes.
From the variations of alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases activities with the pH, evidence was obtained for the recognition of A1A2 heterozygotes in normal A blood group sera. Besides, unusual transferase properties associated with two A2 sera from individuals out of AAm1 siblings, lead to the identification of the very infrequent A2AAm1 genotypes. These results strongly support the simultaneous coexistence of both A1 and A2 transferases in heterozygotes' sera, and bring some new information on the genetical background of the Am phenotype. The meaning of transferase properties directly determined on whole sera is briefly discussed.
Polyagglutinability associated with the cad antigen.
Various anti-Cad and anti-Sda reagents were tested against a panel of Cad red cells in order to determine whether Cad and Sda antigens were identical. According to the results, although strong Sda reactivity was always found in Cad red cells, the two antigen specificities are not identical. The polyagglutinability of Cad red cells seems to be related to an anti-Cad present in all human sera but Cad, and not with anti-Sda antibody.
Jk(a-b-) phenotype in a French family. Quantitative evidence for the inheritance of a silent allele (Jk).
A Caucasian French family was investigated including two Jk(a-b-) sibs who had developed anti-JkaJkb. The parents were first cousins. Quantitative study of Kidd antigens using titration scoring and HD50 assay clearly showed the parents and a maternal aunt, phenotypically Jk(a+b-), to have a weak expression of Jka documenting thereby the transmission of the postulated silent gene Jk. Absorption, elution and coagglutination assays revealed the cross reactivity of the antibody developed by the two sibs. Leucocytes and platelets from these two individuals were not shown to absorb anti-JkaJkb.
Quantitative and thermodynamic measurements on I and i antigens of human red blood cells.
Different homogeneous IgM cold agglutinins (two anti-I, two anti-i and one anti-Il cross-reacting antibodies) have been used to determine the antigen site densities of adult I and i erythrocytes and of cord red cells. The equilibirium constants and the thermodynamic constants of these reactions have been determined. The two anti-I antibodies, which did not combine with i or cord red blood cells, recognized two different determinants on I red cells. The antigen density of the I Fla. receptor was 120,000 sites per erythrocyte and the standard enthalpy change (-deltaH degrees) of the reaction was 18 to 25 kcal/mole. The antigen density of the I Loi. determinant varied according to the red cells tested and the enthalpy change (-deltaH degrees) of these reactions was 50-65 kcal/mole. The i and cord erythrocytes reactive structures were more heterogeneous than those present on I erythrocytes. The equilibrium constants rapidly decreased as the temperature rose and the standard enthalpy changes (-deltaH degrees) ranged from 50 to 90 kcal/mole. Two types of i determinants were observed; one of the anti-i antibodies reacted mainly with an i component present on cord erythrocytes, the other antibody reacted with a different i component present on i adult red-cells. The determinants, recognized by the cross -reacting antibody on I red cells, differed fromthose on i or cord red cells in equilibrium constant, thermodynamic constants, index of heterogeneity of the reaction and in their sensitivity to formalin treatment.
Cis AB blood groups. Immunologic, thermodynamic and quantitative studies of ABH antigens.
Fifteen samples of cis AB bloods belonging to six unrelated families were tested by serological and thermodynamic assay techniques. The B and H antigens of cis AB bloods differ significantly from those of trans AB bloods. Differences were found among unrelated samples, but identical results were obtained within a given family : this could mean that there had been as many mutations as there were families.