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Biomedical subjects

C Romanini

Publications and source records attributed to C Romanini.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

Endometrial Evaluation in Asymptomatic Postmenopausal Women by Transvaginal Sonography and Color Flow Doppler

We attempted to correlate transvaginal ultrasound endometrial assessment with histologic and hysteroscopic findings in 910 asymptomatic postmenopausal women. The women all had been postmenopausal for at least 1 year, and had no sonographically documented adnexal masses, no hormone therapy, and no history of uterine bleeding. Endometrial thickness of 5 mm and less was considered normal, and no further investigations were performed. All women with endometrial thickness 8 mm or greater were advised to undergo hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy if necessary. When endometrial thickness was 6 to 7 mm, hysteroscopy was recommended if irregular endometrial echotexture was observed; otherwise another ultrasound examination within 3 to 6 months was suggested. We observed 83 (9.1%) asymptomatic women with endometrial thickness 8 mm or greater and 77 (8.5%) with a thickness of 6 to 7 mm, in whom a total of 89 hysteroscopies were performed. Three endometrial cancers, 8 hyperplasias, 27 endometrial polyps, and 5 submucosal myomas were detected in those with endometrial thickness of 8 mm or greater. Of the 21 women with endometrial thickness 6 to 7 mm who underwent hysteroscopy, 7 had endometrial polyps, 4 hyperplasia, and 3 submucosal myomas. Based on sensitivity and specificity analyses, an endometrial thickness of 8 or 10 mm in asymptomatic postmenopausal women seems to be an effective cut-off to select candidates for more invasive diagnostic procedures.

Journal Article↗

Transvaginal Sonographic and Hysteroscopic Findings in Postmenopausal Women Receiving Tamoxifen

The effect of tamoxifen on the endometrium was assessed by transvaginal color Doppler sonography, hyteroscopy, and histology in 90 postmenopausal women, of whom 71 were asymptomatic and 19 had vaginal bleeding. All were treated with tamoxifen 20 to 30 mg/day for breast cancer for at least 1 year and all underwent transvaginal color Doppler sonography. Women with endometrial thickness greater than 5 mm and with vaginal bleeding were advised to undergo hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy if necessary. In asymptomatic women with endometrial thickness of 5 mm or less, hysteroscopy was recommended if irregular endometrial echotexture was observed. Nine (12.7%) asymptomatic patients and 1 (5.3%) with vaginal bleeding had an endometrial width of 5 mm or less (p = 0.6, NS). Those with vaginal bleeding receiving tamoxifen had a significantly thicker endometrium than asymptomatic women (16.1 ± 7.7 vs 11.1 ± 5.7 mm, p = 0.003). A typical sonographic endometrial pattern with small hypoechoic cystic areas was reported in 83% of patients. In the asymptomatic group, 25 polyps, and 7 atrophic and 13 thickened endometria were observed at hysteroscopy. Two endometrial cancers, 11 polyps, and 1 atrophic and 4 thickened endometria were present in women with vaginal bleeding. Hysteroscopy did not always allow endometrial biopsy even if endometrial thickness with or without an irregular surface was observed. No statistical differences were revealed in the two tamoxifen groups for the mean pulsatility and resistance indexes of the uterine and endometrial arteries, which were otherwise significantly lower compared with normal postmenopausal values. Women receiving tamoxifen, especially asymptomatic women, should be closely monitored by transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography and hysteroscopy to detect endometrial pathologies.

Journal Article↗

Vaginal Ultrasonography and Diagnostic Hysteroscopy for Women with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding after Menopause

Three hundred twenty-five postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding had transvaginal ultrasound examinations. In 158 the endometrial thickness was greater than 5 mm, in 20 less than 5 mm but irregular, and in 147 less than 5 mm and regular. Diagnostic hysteroscopy was performed in the first two groups and showed mild endometrial abnormalities in 23 women, severe in 23, endometrial polyps in 55, myoma in 10, and normal endometrium (atrophic or proliferative) in 22, with synechiae in 5. Forty-six (32%) endometrial biopsies were performed and showed 20 adenocarcinomas, 3 atypical hyperplasias, 10 simple hyperplasias, 5 atrophies, and 8 proliferative. In 18 patients the examination was not possible because of cervical stenosis and was performed under general anesthesia; polyps were removed by operative hysteroscopy. In patients with endometrial thickness greater than 5 mm, hysteroscopy revealed only two cases of mild endometrial abnormalities (cystic atrophy), two polyps, and two myomas. The frequency of endometrial cancer was 7%, similar to that reported by others. Ultrasonography is sensitive in evaluating abnormal uterine bleeding with or without endometrial pathology. Hysteroscopy must be the second procedure because it can exclude pathology and allow a targeted biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.

Journal Article↗

Costs and Benefits of Office Diagnostic Hysteroscopy

In Italy, the main location for performing diagnostic hysteroscopy is the office. The success of office hysteroscopy is related to savings of time and money and the convenience for the physician and patient. We evaluated 4000 diagnostic hysteroscopies performed between January 2, 1989, and March 1, 1996. In 17.8% of these patients we subsequently performed operative hysteroscopies (metroplasty, synechiolysis, myomectomy, polypectomy for polyps >2 cm), and in 5.2% a total abdominal hysterectomy for abnormal uterine bleeding or endometrial cancer. The low percentage of operations underlines the efficacy of office diagnostic hysteroscopy, especially if we evaluate costs and accuracy of this procedure in detecting uterine pathologies.

Journal Article↗

Correlation between Ultrasonographic Findings and Laparoscopic Appearance in Patients with Laparoscopically Treated Ovarian Cysts

We performed laparoscopy in 96 women (64 age <40 yrs, 22 > 40 yrs) with a diagnosis of ovarian cyst. The size and morphology of each mass were established, and color flow Doppler characteristics were determined by ultrasonography. Laparoscopically we evaluated the external and internal surfaces and vascularization. The laparoscopic appearance confirmed the ultrasonographic findings in 85% of women.

Journal Article↗

Microlaparoscopy

Seventy-five women underwent diagnostic office laparoscopy under local anesthesia using a 1.9-mm microlaparoscope. Indications were infertility (40), pelvic pain (25), and uterine malformation (septate or bicornuate uterus) (10). All women tolerated the procedure well. In only two we could not evaluate the pelvic organs because of severe adhesions. Visualization of the pelvic organs was reasonable, although the size of the video image was smaller than the one obtained by laparoscopy. Operating time was 10 to 20 minutes. We believe that this is a safe, simple, effective, fast, and inexpensive way to evaluate pelvic disease and to obtain histologic samples.

Journal Article↗

Doppler indices from inferior vena cava and ductus venosus in predicting pH and oxygen tension in umbilical blood at cordocentesis in growth-retarded fetuses.

The objective of this study was to assess the value of Doppler indices calculated from the inferior vena cava and ductus venosus in the identification of acidemia and hypoxemia as determined by pH and gas analysis of fetal blood obtained by cordocentesis in growth-retarded fetuses. Doppler measurements were performed in the inferior vena cava and ductus venosus in 209 normally grown fetuses and in 89 growth-retarded fetuses. All growth-retarded fetuses were free from structural and chromosomal abnormalities, and uteroplacental insufficiency characterized by Doppler changes in the umbilical and middle cerebral arteries was the most likely etiology of the growth defect. In this group of fetuses, Doppler recordings were performed immediately before cordocentesis. Ten different indices were calculated from venous velocity waveforms, and reference limits for gestation were constructed by the cross-sectional analysis of data from normally grown fetuses. Logistic regression and receiver operator characteristic curve analysis were performed to examine the relationship between Doppler indices and acid-base status. The pre-load index (peak velocity during atrial contraction/peak velocity during systole) in the inferior vena cava was the best explanatory variable for acidemia (chi 2 = 48.33; p < or = 0.001). Hypoxemia was predicted less well by venous indices and the best results were achieved by the S/A ratio in the ductus venosus (chi 2 = 9.46; p < or = 0.005). In conclusion, our data suggest that acidosis in growth-retarded fetuses may be non-invasively identified by Doppler measurements of the inferior vena cava and that a higher efficiency can be achieved by the use of the pre-load index.

Acidosis↗

Blood flow velocity waveforms from peripheral pulmonary arteries in normally grown and growth-retarded fetuses.

The objective of this study was to describe blood flow velocity waveforms of fetal peripheral pulmonary arteries in normally grown and growth-retarded fetuses. Doppler studies were performed in 182 normally grown fetuses (gestational age 18-40 weeks) and in 61 growth-retarded fetuses (gestational age 24-36 weeks) that were free from structural and chromosomal abnormalities and whose umbilical and middle cerebral artery Doppler findings suggested uteroplacental insufficiency as the most likely etiology of the growth defect. The pulsatility index was used to quantify the velocity waveforms. Successful recordings were obtained in 90.1% of the normally grown and 93.4% of the growth-retarded fetuses. In normally grown fetuses the pulsatility index values significantly decreased with advancing gestation. In growth-retarded fetuses the pulsatility index values were significantly elevated compared to those of normal fetuses. A significant relationship was observed between the severity of hypoxia and pulsatility index values from the peripheral pulmonary arteries in 29 fetuses in which Doppler recordings were obtained immediately before cordocentesis. In conclusion, these data show that in normal fetuses the Doppler-measured impedance to flow in the peripheral pulmonary circulation decreases with advancing gestation. Impedance to flow in the lungs is elevated in the presence of growth retardation and this increase is related to the severity of fetal hypoxia.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗

Release of vasoactive agents during cordocentesis: differences between normally grown and growth-restricted fetuses.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether cordocentesis is associated with the release of vasoactive substances and whether there are differences between normally grown and growth-restricted fetuses. STUDY DESIGN: 6-Keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (the stable metabolite of prostacyclin), endothelin-1, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate were measured in fetal blood at the beginning and closing of cordocentesis in 30 normally grown fetuses and 25 growth-restricted fetuses. This latter group was characterized by abnormal Doppler index values in umbilical artery and middle cerebral artery, suggestive of chronic hypoxemia as the causative factor of the impaired growth. In six growth-restricted fetuses bradycardia occurred at the end of the procedure. Umbilical artery pulsatility index was measured by Doppler ultrasonography immediately before and after the procedure. RESULTS: The median interval between the two blood samples obtained by cordocentesis was 90 seconds (range 60 to 320 seconds). During this interval a significant rise of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (p < or = 0.0001) and endothelin-1 (p = 0.03) was evidenced in normally grown fetuses. The increase in 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha was significantly related (r = 0.52, p = 0.002) to the fall of umbilical artery pulsatility index occurring after the procedure. In growth-restricted fetuses cordocentesis induced a marked increase of endothelin-1 (p = 0.0002), which was significantly related to the severity of acidosis (r = 0.52, p = 0.018), whereas no modifications were evidenced for the other agents tested. The increase of endothelin-1 was higher in those growth-restricted fetuses showing bradycardia at the end of the procedure than in growth-restricted fetuses that did not (p = 0.04). The variations of the vasoactive substances assayed were not significantly related to the type of procedure (transamniotic or transplacental), the amount of blood aspirated during the procedure, the interval elapsing between the first and second samples, the gestational age at which the procedure was performed, and the degree of fetal smallness. CONCLUSION: Cordocentesis induces the rapid release of vasoactive substances and the effect differs between normally grown and growth-restricted fetuses. This may explain the different hemodynamic response and the higher rate of complications occurring in the latter group after cordocentesis.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗

The effects of fetal blood sampling and placental puncture on umbilical artery and fetal arterial vessels blood flow velocity waveforms.

This study was performed to investigate whether fetal blood sampling and/or transplacental puncture are associated with changes of blood flow velocity waveforms in umbilical artery and fetal circulation. The pulsatility index (PI) was measured from umbilical artery, thoracic descending aorta, renal artery, and middle cerebral artery immediately before and after fetal blood sampling (n = 28) or third trimester amniocentesis (n = 32). No significant changes in PI values were evidenced after amniocentesis performed either transamniotically (n = 21) or transplacentally (n = 11). Fetal blood sampling induced a significant decrease of PI values in all the vessels investigated. However, in presence of a transplacental procedure (n = 15) the amplitude of the decrease of PI in umbilical artery was significantly higher than after a transamniotic procedure (n = 13), while no differences were evidenced in the other vessels tested. These findings indicate that umbilical cord puncture at the time of fetal blood sampling is associated with a decrease in PI in umbilical artery and several peripheral arterial vessels. The isolated placental puncture does not induce Doppler-detectable hemodynamic effects, while in conjunction with cord needling, it increases the amplitude of the effects in umbilical artery.

Amniocentesis↗

The effects of fetal blood sampling on ventricular filling patterns: differences between normally grown and growth-retarded fetuses.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fetal blood sampling on atrioventricular blood flow velocity waveforms. Flow velocity waveforms were measured from mitral and tricuspid valve immediately before and after fetal blood sampling in 25 normally grown and 10 growth-retarded fetuses. This latter group was characterized by abnormal Doppler indices in umbilical artery and middle cerebral artery suggestive of uteroplacental insufficiency as the causative factor of the impaired growth. The flow velocity parameters studied were peak velocity during early and active ventricular filling, time velocity integral, and fetal heart rate. Different indices were then calculated as expressions of ventricular diastolic function and cardiac output. In normally grown fetuses, both peak velocity during early diastole and time velocity integral values significantly increased after fetal blood sampling from both atrioventricular valves, whereas no significant changes were evidenced in the other parameters considered. Gestational age at the time of the procedure was positively related to the amplitude of these changes. In growth-retarded fetuses, fetal blood sampling induced a significant decrease in time velocity integral value form tricuspid valve, suggestive of a fall in right ventricle output. The amplitude of the decrease was significantly related to the severity of acidosis in umbilical vein. In conclusion, the cardiac hemodynamic response to fetal blood sampling differs between normally grown and growth-retarded fetuses. This difference may explain the higher rate of complications occurring in the latter group of fetuses after blood sampling.

Blood Flow Velocity↗

Detection of cellular heterogeneity by DNA ploidy, 17 chromosome, and p53 gene in primary carcinoma and metastasis in a case of ovarian cancer.

An unusual case of a patient with ovarian carcinoma carrying the p53 point mutation in both metastases (omentum and lymph node), but not in the primary tumor, is described. The presence of a p53 single mutation (G:A) at the second base of codon 248 was examined by polymerase chain reaction-amplification refractory mutation system (PCR-ARMS) analysis. This case was examined also by fluorescent in situ hybrization (FISH) analysis and flow cytometry (FCM) to obtain further information at the single cell level and to detect heterogeneity within a population of cells. FCM analysis evidenced the same multiple aneuploid cell subpopulations in primary and in metastatic samples showing the presence of a cellular heterogeneity. FISH analysis showed a disomic condition for the 17 chromosome in the primary and in one metastasis, while in the other metastasis a monosomic together with a disomic subpopulation was revealed. Our results confirm the independent clonal evolution of the metastasis. The late mutation event observed only in metastatic specimens suggests the hypothesis that in the primary tumor the wild-type gene either does not perform its control role for unknown genetic structural events or the p53 gene in this case does not play a critical role in carcinogenesis.

Base Sequence↗

Effects of cordocentesis on inferior vena cava velocity waveforms: differences between normally grown and growth-retarded fetuses.

The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of cordocentesis on velocity waveforms recorded from the inferior vena cava and to evaluate differences, if any, in the hemodynamic response between normally grown and growth-retarded fetuses. Twenty-five normally grown fetuses and 20 growth-retarded fetuses were considered for this study. This latter group was characterized by abnormal Doppler indices in the umbilical artery and the middle cerebral artery suggestive of uteroplacental insufficiency as the causative factor of the impaired growth. Flow velocity waveforms were measured from the inferior vena cava immediately before and after cordocentesis and the % reverse flow during atrial contraction calculated. In normally grown fetuses the % reverse flow values did not vary significantly after cordocentesis, while in growth-retarded fetuses this index increased significantly after the procedure (p < or = 0.001). Furthermore, the amplitude of this increase was inversely related to pH levels in umbilical vein (p = 0.004). In conclusion, in growth-retarded fetuses cordocentesis induces an increase of % reverse flow in the inferior vena cava, while no modifications occur in normally grown fetuses. This suggests the presence in growth-retarded fetuses of an impaired cardiac adaptive mechanism to cordocentesis that may explain the higher incidence of complications occurring in such fetuses.

Blood Flow Velocity↗

Uterine and fetal blood flows in pregnancies complicated by preterm labor.

Flow velocity waveforms were recorded by Doppler ultrasonography from the uterine arteries, umbilical artery, thoracic descending aorta, renal artery and middle cerebral artery in fetuses of 57 pregnancies complicated by preterm labor with intact membranes. The uterine artery resistance index was significantly increased in patients with preterm labor when compared to reference limits for gestation, but no relationship was found with the time interval between Doppler recordings and delivery. The group of fetuses (n = 15) delivered within 48 h from entry to the study showed significantly reduced pulsatility index values from the middle cerebral artery when compared to fetuses delivered later or to the normal reference limits for gestation. No significant differences were found in the other vessels studied. In conclusion preterm delivery is associated with alterations in fetal cerebral waveforms and knowledge of these changes may prove useful in the evaluation of patients with preterm labor.

Adult↗

MIB 1 immunostaining in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: prognostic significance in mild and moderate lesions.

OBJECTIVE: MIB 1 is a new monoclonal antibody which recognizes nuclei of proliferating cells throughout the cell cycle except during the G0 and early G1 phases. In the present study we analyzed the MIB 1 immunostaining as an index of cellular proliferation in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and microinvasive carcinoma, with the aim to identify a relationship with the degree of dysplastic lesion and the risk of neoplastic progression. A correlation between the MIB 1 index and human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA presence was also investigated METHODS: Cervical bioptic samples were consecutively obtained from 86 women who attended our Colposcopic Service from January 1993 to June 1994, because of abnormal pap smears suspicious for cervical dysplasia and/or HPV infection. On histologic evaluation, 41 women had CIN, 23 cervical condyloma, and 22 squamous metaplasia. Ten patients with microinvasive squamous cervical carcinoma, matched for age and demographic characteristics, were selected from our series of cervical carcinomas and immunohistochemically analyzed. The expression of primary tumor cellular proliferation was immunohistochemically evaluated by monoclonal MIB 1 antibody (Immunotech, Marseille Cedex, France) on microwave oven-processed formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Positive staining was expressed as the percentage of positive cells per 10(3) counted dysplastic cells for each case. RESULTS: A progressive significant increase in positive MIB 1 immunostaining was observed from squamous metaplasia to microinvasive carcinoma throughout the CIN lesions (p < 0.001). Considering only CINs, the MIB 1 index showed a significant increase with respect to CIN degrees (p < 0.001); no correlation was found between MIB 1 immunostaining and HPV infection, and lesion size. By analyzing the MIB 1 index with respect to CIN outcome in mild and moderate dysplasias, regressive lesions had lower values of MIB 1 immunostaining, while persistent and progressive lesions presented significantly higher positivity (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrated: (1) that positive MIB 1 immunostaining increased progressively from squamous metaplasia to CIN and microinvasive carcinoma, suggesting that neoplastic transformation is associated with a dysfunctional proliferation of cervical epithelium; (2) that there was a significant correlation between the MIB 1 index and CIN degree but not with respect to HPV DNA presence, and (3) that MIB 1 immunostaining might be useful for a clinical evaluation of mild and moderate dysplastic lesions. However, a much larger study needs to be done over a longer period of time to truly determine the value of the technique in prognostically predicting which lesions might or might not regress.

Adult↗

Fetal pH value determined by cordocentesis: an independent predictor of the development of antepartum fetal heart rate decelerations in growth retarded fetuses with absent end-diastolic velocity in umbilical artery.

Objective of this study was to establish the relationship in growth retarded fetuses between acid-base status in fetal blood obtained by cordocentesis and time interval between blood sampling and occurrence of antepartum heart rate late decelerations. Eighteen growth retarded fetuses scheduled for cordocentesis were considered for this study. All fetuses were free from structural and chromosomal abnormalities, characterized by absent end diastolic velocity waveforms in umbilical artery and later delivered for the development of antepartum heart rate late decelerations. Regression analysis showed that the time interval between cordocentesis and delivery was significantly related to pO2 (r = 0.46; p < or = 0.05) and pH (r = 0.57; p < or = 0.01) delta values but not with pCO2 values. Stepwise multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the severity of fetal acidosis significantly and independently predicted the length of this time interval even after controlling for confounding variables such as pO2 values, gestational age, presence of hypertension, or umbilical vein pulsations. The knowledge of this relationship may be useful in the clinical management of growth retarded fetuses.

Carbon Dioxide↗