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Biomedical subjects

C Roberts

Publications and source records attributed to C Roberts.

At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Chemopreventive effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) among cigarette smokers.

Chemopreventive effects of green tea and coffee among cigarette smokers were examined in 52 clinically healthy male subjects between 20 and 52 years of age. Blood specimens were obtained from nonsmokers (group I), smokers (group II), smokers consuming green tea (group III), and smokers drinking coffee (group IV). The mean number of cigarette smoking years (> 10 cigarettes/day) in groups II-IV ranged from 13.4 to 14.7 years. Daily intake of green tea and coffee was 2-3 cups/day for 6 months (groups III and IV). The frequencies of sisterchromatid exchange (SCE) in mitogen-stimulated peripheral lymphocytes from each experimental group were determined and analyzed statistically. SCE rates were elevated significantly in smokers (9.46 +/- 0.46) versus nonsmokers (7.03 +/- 0.33); however, the frequency of SCE in smokers who consumed green tea (7.94 +/- 0.31) was comparable to that of nonsmokers, implying that green tea can block the cigarette-induced increase in SCE frequency. Coffee, in contrast, did not exhibit a significant inhibitory effect on smoking-induced SCE.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Dyslipidemias in childhood. An overview.

This article reviews the current screening and treatment guidelines for dyslipidemias in the pediatric and adolescent populations. In addition, the components of a comprehensive lipid program are reviewed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Inflammatory lesions of ribs: an analysis of the Terry Collection.

The aim of this paper is to consider the diagnostic criteria for tuberculosis in ancient populations. It investigates the frequency of periosteal new bone formation on the visceral surfaces of ribs from 1718 individuals from the Terry Collection, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. and attempts to determine the aetiological factors producing these lesions. Numbers of individuals with lesions according to cause of death were recorded and the patterning of lesions compared between people who had died from tuberculosis and those whose cause of death was unrelated to a pulmonary disease. Rib lesions were more common in individuals dying from tuberculosis (61.6% or 157 of 255) than in individuals dying from other causes (15.2% or 165 of 1086). It is suggested that tuberculosis at a peripheral lung focus may disseminate directly through the pleura to the visceral surfaces of the ribs, or that pulmonary tuberculosis may be the cause of empyema of the pleural cavity and that this, per se, may initiate inflammatory change on the visceral surfaces of ribs. The nonrecognition or description of these often very subtle proliferative lesions on ribs by radiological examination of tuberculous victims is significant in the discussion of bone changes in tuberculosis. The possibility that individuals with no recorded history of tuberculosis at death actually suffered from the disease was considered in light of the frequency of rib lesions and noncorrelation with a tuberculous cause of death. Differential diagnoses are discussed including the possibility that the lesions represent a general non-specific indicator of stress.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Early alveolar ridge osteogenesis following tooth extraction in the rat.

Following tooth extraction, fluorochrome bone labels were injected intraperitoneally at intervals to identify mineralizing bone surfaces. At 5, 10 and 14 days post-extraction, the rats were killed. The mineral apposition rate, mineralizing surface and mineral formation rate were determined at various locations around the healing tooth socket. Linear trends in mineral apposition rate (p < 0.000001), mineralizing surface (p < 0.000001) and mineral formation rate (p = 0.00008) were seen around the socket, decreasing from gingivopalatal to gingivobuccal regions. These differences may be due to variations in vascularity as the gingivopalatal region is adjacent to the greater palatine artery. The mineral formation rate and mineralizing surface were significantly higher in the rats killed at 14 days after tooth extraction than at the other two post-extraction time points. This may be related to an earlier peak rate of bone resorption.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1994

Current gestational age-related incidence of major intraventricular hemorrhage.

The overall incidence of germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage (GMIVH) for an inborn population of 250 very low birth weight infants from 1991 through 1993 was 20%; the incidence of major GMIVH was 5.2%. Of infants < or = 25 weeks, 60% survived and 94% of the survivors were free of major GMIVH, whereas 94% of infants > or = 25 weeks survived and 99% had no major GMIVH.

Cerebral Hemorrhage↗
PubMed1994

Changes in public knowledge and attitudes to HIV/AIDS in Wales, 1987 to 1992.

This paper presents information on changes in public knowledge and attitudes to HIV/AIDS in Wales between 1987 and 1992. The results indicate that throughout this period the majority of adults in Wales were aware of the high risk of infection from sexual intercourse and sharing needles with, and coming into contact with the blood of, someone with HIV. Nevertheless, the proportion who said that sexual intercourse with someone with HIV carries a high risk declined, and in 1992 confusion still remained about the nature of HIV infection amongst a substantial minority of respondents. More than one in ten of the adults in the most recent survey were of the opinion that kissing or being near someone with HIV who is coughing or sneezing carries a high risk of infection. The data also indicate that attitudes to those with HIV remained uneven in 1992. Whilst a greater proportion in 1992 than in 1987 held the view that people with HIV should be able to live normally in the community, attitudes appear to have hardened towards those perceived to be practising high risk behaviours, such as injecting drug users and homosexuals. The data also suggest that attitudes appear to be closely related to levels of knowledge. Given the apparent confusion and prejudice highlighted by the surveys, it is suggested that there is a continuing need for general campaigns to maintain public awareness of HIV-related issues, although this must also be complemented by more in-depth targeted education programmes.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1994

Look-back investigation after human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion in a pediatric dentist.

Routine military screening identified human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in an asymptomatic dentist who had three prior negative antibody tests. A look-back investigation evaluated the provider and the practice and provided notification, counseling, and HIV testing for patients. Test results were linked to dental procedures categorized by levels of invasiveness. Of 1631 patients tested, all were negative for antibody to HIV. Analysis of 12,164 procedures on 876 patients determined 20.5% of patients had procedures from the highest stratum of invasiveness; 42% had only low-risk exposure. Stratification of the degree of invasive exposure and clinical evaluation of disease stage in the infected health care worker are important in look-back investigations. The early stage of disease in the provider, the adherence to infection control precautions, and the low percentage of invasive procedures may have contributed to the lack of transmission. These results are consistent with current assessment that risk of transmission of HIV during invasive medical procedures is low.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Current changes in smoking attitudes and behaviours among adolescents in Wales, 1986-1992.

This paper presents data on recent trends in adolescent smoking in Wales. The data are drawn from four large-scale surveys conducted across the Principality in 1986, 1988, 1990 and 1992. The results show that there has been some success in delaying early experimentation with smoking, as well as some improvement in the attitudes of smokers towards their habit. Against this, there has been little change in smoking prevalence amongst both boys and girls, and cigarettes remained widely available for purchase by the under-16s. The implications of these findings for further action on smoking and the young are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Nasal airflow after septorhinoplasty.

The changes in nasal function which occur after septorhinoplasty for obstruction were investigated by anterior rhinomanometry in 15 subjects. Objective and subjective measures of outcome were compared. Anterior rhinomanometry was performed after nasal decongestion. These data were mathematically transformed to determine the amount of airflow asymmetry through the nostrils and the stiffness of the nasal valve. The results suggested that the presence of gross airflow asymmetry (> +/- 80%) in patients prior to surgery was a bad prognostic indicator for post-operative satisfaction with the airway. Patient satisfaction with function and cosmetic appearance post-operatively was correlated with the presence of symmetrical nasal airflow. Nasal valve stiffness did not seem to be affected by septorhinoplasty.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Perceptions of denture aesthetics: a two-centre study of denture wearers and denture providers.

A study into perceptions of complete dentures was carried out in two dental schools, one in Australia and the other in England. Two-hundred participants were asked to assess photographs of five sets of dentures for age, gender and personality. Results were subjected to a multi-rater kappa statistic. Although no centre was determined to be better than the other, it was highly significant that Australian teachers were confident enough to state that they were unable to determine age or gender from the information supplied.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Incisal overjet as an outcome measure in unilateral cleft lip and palate management.

The Goslon Yardstick is a clinical tool used to rank dental study casts of persons with cleft lip and palate in the late mixed or early permanent dentition into one of five categories. It has been successfully used to investigate the outcomes of the surgical treatment of these anomalies as well as the effects of these deformities on untreated individuals. In this study, 40 study casts ranked by the Goslon Yardstick were digitized using a reflex metrograph. The overjet, overbite, and incisal angulation, and the crossbites of the canines and molars were calculated for each of the sets of casts. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the predictive value of these variables upon the Goslon scores. The overjet was found to explain 87% of the variance of the Goslon score (p < .0001). No other component had a significant predictive value. The range of overjet associated with the different Goslon scores was calculated from the regression equation. In conclusion, the advantages of using overjet as an indicator of outcome as an alternative to the Goslon Yardstick were discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Dentofacial form in the five-year-old child with unilateral cleft lip and palate.

It is generally believed that studies of outcome for children with clefts of the lip and palate should be based on patients who are in their teens. This means that health care workers who look after these children would have to wait many years until the quality of treatment could be evaluated. In this study, significant differences between two centers, Oslo and Manchester, in facial form at the age of 5 years were detected. Based on cephalometric analysis, children from Manchester were more likely to have a retrognathic maxilla with the upper lip significantly behind the esthetic plane. An important future step may be the setting up of "reference centers" with a large archive of database information for each racial group. This would assist smaller centers in comparing their outcomes.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

What can you expect during your onsite survey?

The world of accreditation is in constant change, and as health information management professionals, we should always embrace change. New standards and survey procedures provide us with new goals, outlooks, ways to increase the quality of patient care, and opportunities to mentor the hospital staff including the medical staff and governing board. I encourage you to evaluate, amend, and build on the information contained within this article. Remember that talking to your peers about their experiences and working as though your survey is tomorrow is your best bet for superior survey results. Who knows, you could receive an unannounced survey.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1994

Developing an information management plan.

Developing a good information management plan is a major project, but it can be accomplished by taking small incremental steps and making sure your team stays focused. Several good things will be produced as a result of your hard work. Your patients will ultimately receive better care due to the availability of more timely information. The hospital will gain cost effectiveness when the information is integrated. Society as a whole will benefit from the sharing of unidentifiable patient information through research.

Forms and Records Control↗