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Biomedical subjects

C R West

Publications and source records attributed to C R West.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Urine flow rates in male and female urodynamic patients compared with the Liverpool nomograms.

The Liverpool male and female nomograms provide normal reference ranges for the maximum and average urine flow rates over a wide range of voided volumes. A known urine flow rate, in combination with the respective voided volume (and in men the age), can be converted into an equivalent centile ranking, using the equation for the relevant nomogram. Centile rankings allow the urine flow rates of specific male and female populations to be compared. The maximum and average urine flow rates of urodynamic patients (504 consecutive male and 168 consecutive female) were converted into centile rankings. These centile rankings were then compared with the respective urodynamic diagnoses. The median centile rankings for their maximum and average urine flow rates were 21 and 11 (male) respectively and 31 and 18 (female) (vs 50 for the normal populations). The low urine flow rates applied to all diagnostic groups, including those symptomatic men and women who were found to be urodynamically normal. Low urine flow rates may be one of a number of subtle manifestations of urological disease in these patients. Men with obstruction and women with voiding difficulties had the lowest urine flow rates. The 25th centile (men) and the 10th centile (women) appeared to be most appropriate lower limits of normality for both urine flow rates to identify those men more likely to be obstructed and those women at higher risk of voiding difficulties. Men and women with detrusor instability had the highest urine flow rates. Detrusor instability was present in 71% of men with centile rankings for the maximum urine flow rate over 50; 50% of women whose maximum urine flow rate centiles were over 90 had detrusor instability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Preclinical toxicity study of streptozocin infused into the internal carotid artery of dogs and baboons.

Mature male and female dogs (10) and male baboons (4) were each given a single dose of streptozocin (STZ) (1000 mg/m2) by infusion directly into the left internal carotid artery over a two-hour time period. Serial hematology and serum chemistry profiles and physical observations were made, the animals necropsied at varying times after dosage, and the major organs examined histologically. In dogs, severe weight loss, neutrophilia, electrolyte disturbances, decreased liver function, diabetes and decreased serum amylase levels were the major toxicities. In baboons, weight loss, hypoglycemic coma, diabetes, decreased liver function and electrolyte disturbances were observed. While systemic toxicities were severe in both animal species, central nervous system toxicity was minimal. Cerebral toxicities consisting of edema in two dogs, and focal necrosis in one dog were observed histopathologically. No cerebral toxicity occurred in baboons. Based upon these findings, a phase I clinical trial of intra-arterial (internal carotid artery) STZ in patients with primary/metastatic brain tumors would appear feasible.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The ordered logistic regression model in psychiatry: rising prevalence of dementia in old people's homes.

Ordered logistic regression is an extension of binary logistic regression, and is particularly well suited to the analysis of many psychiatric scores. Its use is demonstrated in a pair of linked cross-sectional surveys of dementia in residents of old people's homes, first to model the association of dementia with demographic characteristics, and then to explore possible reasons for a rise in the prevalence of dementia in the homes over a four-year period.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Blood pressure and cerebral haemorrhage and ischaemia in very low birthweight infants.

Hourly blood pressures were recorded directly in 131 very low birth weight infants in intensive care during the first 4 days of life. Cranial ultrasound evidence of intraventricular haemorrhage correlated well with periods of hypotension, but not of hypertension. Ischaemic lesions did not correlate with periods of hypotension, but were associated with previous haemorrhage. The findings suggest that hypotension predisposes to primary intraventricular haemorrhage and that later parenchymal ischaemic lesions relate to local factors rather than hypotension.

Brain Ischemia↗
PubMed1989

Preclinical toxicity study of mitomycin C infused into the internal carotid artery of beagle dogs.

Young adult male and female beagle dogs were infused with single doses of 0.5 (2 dogs) or 0.25 mg (5 dogs) Mitomycin C (MMC)/kg body weight directly into the internal carotid artery. Serial hematology and serum chemistry profiles, electrocardiograms and physical observations were made, the animals necropsied at varying times after dosage, and the major organs examined histologically. Results indicate that the dose limiting toxicity of this treatment regimen is myelosuppression. No ocular or neurologic toxicity was detected in any test animal. The findings suggest that infusion of MMC can be safely attempted in humans for the treatment of brain tumors that derive their blood supply from the internal carotid artery.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Transvaginal ultrasound in the assessment of bladder volumes in women. Preliminary report.

Transvaginal linear array ultrasound is described as a method of measuring bladder volumes in the range 2 to 175 ml, overcoming the limitations of abdominal ultrasound at these smaller (though clinically important) volumes. The mean error over the range 10 to 175 ml was 23%. Statistical analysis of preliminary data obtained by this technique shows that bladder volume in ml can be calculated by the formula: Volume = 5.9 x (height x depth) - 14.6 ml (95% confidence limits = +/- 37 ml)

Female↗
PubMed1989

Maximum and average urine flow rates in normal male and female populations--the Liverpool nomograms.

The study of voiding in men and women has been handicapped by the lack of a normal reference range covering urinary flow rates over a wide range of voided volumes. Normal volunteers (331 males and 249 females) were studied. Each voided once into a calibrated Dantec Urodyn 1000 mictiograph. On a second occasion 282 men and 46 women voided. The maximum and average urine flow rates of the first voids in both sexes were compared with the respective voided volumes. Nomogram charts, in centile form, for both the maximum and average urine flow rates were constructed using statistical transformations of the data. Males showed a significant decline in both urinary flow rates with age, although there was no statistically significant variation in either urine flow rate with respect to first versus repeated voiding. Females showed no statistically significant variation in either urine flow rate with respect to age, parity or first versus repeated voiding. The maximum and average urine flow rates in both sexes showed an equally strong relationship to voided volume. No artificial restriction of voided volume, e.g. minimum 200 ml, appeared appropriate. These nomograms offer reference ranges for both maximum and average urinary flow rates in both sexes covering a wide range of voided volumes (15-600 ml).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Therapeutic activity of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine conjugates of lipids in WEHI-3B leukemia in mice.

Two new conjugates of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) and lipids were tested for therapeutic activity in myelomonocytic WEHI-3B leukemia in mice. Both conjugates were superior to equimolar mixtures of their respective parent compounds and to ara-C alone. IP treatment was found effective after either IP or IV transplantation of the leukemia. The thioether-linked lipid conjugate ara-CDP-D,L-PTBA showed considerably higher efficacy than the ester-linked lipid conjugate ara-CDP-L-dipalmitin. The optimal therapeutic regimen of ara-CDP-D,L-PTBA consisted of 60 mg/kg given IP qd 1-5 after transplantation of the WEHI-3B leukemia.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The stability of the lower labial segment following surgical correction of Class III skeletal discrepancy.

There has been some controversy over the post-operative changes that may take place in tooth position following orthognathic surgery. The present study was designed to observe the changes that take place in the position of the incisors following surgery to correct class III skeletal discrepancies. It was found that the postoperative changes that occur in the axial inclination of the lower incisors are small enough to be clinically insignificant, provided an adequate overbite has been established. Any changes that do occur will probably be associated with a small increase in the mandibular maxillary planes angle, with possibly some upper incisor proclination and reduction of overbite.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Nucleoside conjugates. 10. Synthesis and antitumor activity of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-diphosphate-1,2-dipalmitins.

Three 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-diphosphate-1,2-dipalmitins from L-, D-, and DL-alpha-dipalmitoylphosphatidic acids have been synthesized and their antitumor activity against two ara-C2 resistant L1210 lymphoid leukemia sublines in mice were evaluated. These new prodrugs of ara-C include ara-CDP-L-dipalmitin, ara-CDP-D-dipalmitin, and ara-CDP-DL-dipalmitin. The L and DL isomers produced significant increase in life span (greater than 400%) and four to five long-term survivors (greater than 45 days) out of six animals bearing ip implanted partially ara-C resistant L1210 subline [L1210/ara-C (I)], while the D isomer displayed a marginal activity (ILS 100-121%). In contrast, the L isomer was completely ineffective against deoxycytidine kinase deficient ara-C resistant L1210 subline [L1210/ara-C (II)]. However, the results demonstrate that the L and DL isomers of ara-CDP-dipalmitin are promising new prodrugs of ara-C with improved efficacy.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Post-ictal blood pressure in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage.

A prospective study in which the effect of the post-ictal systemic blood pressure levels on the outcome following surgically treated aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) in 325 patients is reported. No differentiation was made between pre-existing essential and prolonged reactive hypertension. A significant association was found between the trend for rising diastolic blood pressure levels and the tendency towards a poor outcome. There was a similar trend for rising systolic blood pressure levels which did not reach statistical significance. Patients with definite hypertension (blood pressure of 160/95 mmHg or greater) were 1.6 times as likely to have a poor outcome than were those with lower blood pressures.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Recurrent aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: incidence, timing and effects. A re-appraisal in a surgical series.

A series of 510 patients with proven aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is reported. The incidence of recurrent haemorrhage during the period awaiting surgery was 13.7%. There was no significant difference in incidence between good and poor grade patients. Following rebleeding there was an immediate mortality of 34% in good grade patients and 52% in poor grade patients. In the long term only 44.4% of good grade and 8% of poor grade patients made a good recovery following a second bleed as compared to 70.6% and 52.8% respectively for those who did not rehaemorrhage.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Seventeen-year surgical experience.

Between 1968 and 1985, 80 children underwent correction of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. There were 47 boys and 33 girls whose ages ranged from 3 days to 16 years (median 2 months, interquartile range 5 years). Seventy (87.5%) were less than 1 year of age at operation. Fifty-eight (72.5%) weighed less than 5 kg, the range being 1.6 to 42 kg (median 3.7 kg, interquartile range 2.4 kg). Forty-five (56%) patients had supracardiac, 14 (17.5%) cardiac, 15 (19%) infracardiac, and 6 (7.5%) had mixed total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Follow-up was complete in 78 (97.5%) and ranged from 6 to 189 months (median 58 months, interquartile range 59 months). There were 14 (17.5%) early and six (7.5%) late deaths. Analysis by various factors revealed year of operation as the only factor to affect survival at the 5% level of significance. Early mortality was 29% between 1968-1977 and 11% between 1978-1985 (p = 0.04). Postoperative pulmonary venous obstruction occurred in five (6%) patients between 6 weeks and 3 months after operation. All 5 died, three after reoperation. Five (6%) other children had reoperations, four for residual shunts and one for superior vena caval obstruction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Epidemiology of strawberry haemangioma in low birthweight infants.

The prevalence of cutaneous haemangiomas in a representative population of low birthweight infants was determined by tracing and assessing survivors of pre-school age. Data from hospital case-notes and follow-up assessments were used to investigate whether prevalence of haemangiomas was related to perinatal factors and childhood morbidity. Eleven point one per cent of 615 infants developed a haemangioma. Haemangiomas were more common in girls than boys, and in infants of lower gestational age. Hypothermia in the first hours of life and neonatal illness were associated with lower prevalence, suggesting that neonatal skin perfusion influences haemangioma development; this is consistent with a tendency for haemangiomas to be distributed centripetally. However, the major aetiological determinants are unknown. Children with a haemangioma were more likely to have had a febrile convulsion than those without a haemangioma.

England↗
PubMed1987

Chemical Health Effects Assessment Methodology for airborne contaminants.

Chemical Health Effects Assessment Methodology (CHEM) is a new procedure for assessing hazardous properties of airborne toxic contaminants. CHEM evaluates substances for four major health effect categories: carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, reproductive/developmental toxicity, and toxic effects other than the first three. Three elements are considered in the assessment: weight of evidence, potency, and severity of effect. This approach produces a profile of toxic properties of chemicals which preserves their unique multidimensional character and highlights data gaps.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1987

Antineoplastic activity of conjugates of lipids and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine.

Five different lipid conjugates of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ARA-C) were tested in comparison with ARA-C, the ether lipid ET-18-OCH3 (1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and their equimolar mixtures. The compounds were tested in vitro for cytotoxicity in the trypan blue dye exclusion test with cells from six different leukemias, one glioblastoma and two bronchogenic carcinomas of human origin. The compounds were given in vivo to assess their therapeutic activity against 3-Lewis lung carcinoma (3-LL) of syngeneic C57Bl6 mice. Although some of the conjugates have shown cytotoxic activity in vitro against the cell samples tested, they have not revealed higher cytotoxicity than ET-18-OCH3, ARA-C or their equimolar mixtures. In these experiments, ARA-CDP-D,L-MBA was the conjugates significantly inhibited tumor growth and also increased survival of C57Bl6 mice with intraperitoneally (ip) implanted 3-LL. In these experiments, ARA-CDP-D,L-PTBA, ARA-CDP-D,L-PBA, ARA-CDP-L-dipalmitin and ARA-CDP-D,L-PCA were more active than either the parent compounds ARA-C and ET-18-OCH3 alone or their equimolar mixtures. Furthermore, when the conjugates were injected as adjuvant chemotherapy shortly after the surgical removal of the primary 3-LL, they inhibited the metastasis of 3-LL to the lungs of the animals, demonstrated by an increase of the survival time and the number of surviving animals. The mode of action of these new antineoplastic compounds still is speculative.

Animals↗