Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

C R Soldatos

Publications and source records attributed to C R Soldatos.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Sleep apnoea in a hypertensive population.

50 hypertensive patients and 50 normal controls were evaluated in the sleep laboratory for the presence of sleep apnoea or sleep apnoeic activity. Hypertensive patients were at high risk of sleep apnoea; 15 hypertensive patients (30%) had sleep apnoea and another 17 (34%) had sleep apnoeic activity. In contrast, none of the age-matched and sex-matched control subjects had sleep apnoea, and 24% had sleep apnoeic activity. The degree of oxygen desaturation was correlated with the duration as well as the number of apnoeic events. Presence of sleep apnoea in the patients was significantly correlated with higher blood pressure levels when they were initially seen in the clinic. Patients with the most severe sleep apnoea had the highest initial blood-pressure levels and were more refractory to treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Sleep in the Prader-Willi syndrome. Clinical and polygraphic findings.

Nine patients with the Prader-Willi syndrome, ranging in age from 3 to 21 years, were examined clinically as well as studied in the sleep laboratory. They had striking disturbances of sleep-wakefulness patterns. All patients except one had the symptom of excessive daytime sleepiness. The most striking finding was the presence in five patients of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep occurring at sleep onset (SOREM). None of the patients had the condition of sleep apnea. One patient, however, demonstrated severe hypoventilation during REM sleep; the lowest value recorded for O2 saturation was 40%, with a consistent value below 50% for as long as ten to 15 minutes. Previous findings have indicated that the Prader-Willi syndrome is of hypothalamic origin. We hypothesize that both the SOREM and O2 desaturation findings in our patients with the Prader-Willi syndrome are also a result of hypothalamic changes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Biopsychobehavioral correlates of insomnia, V: Clinical characteristics and behavioral correlates.

The authors compared two large samples of insomniac patients with a group of control subjects. Sleep difficulty usually began before the age of 40 and generally persisted for many years (average duration, 14 years). Several characteristic behaviors were correlated with the symptom of insomnia. During the day and at bedtime, patients reported difficulty relaxing and frequently described themselves as tense, anxious, overly preoccupied, worried, and depressed. Reports of poor mental and physical health were far more prevalent in the insomniac patients than in control subjects. These results indicate that psychiatric factors need to be a primary focus in the multidimensional treatment of chronic insomnia.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Biopsychobehavioral correlates of insomnia. IV: Diagnosis based on DSM-III.

DSM-III diagnoses were established for 100 patients with chronic insomnia. Principal and additional diagnoses on axis I and II (psychiatric and personality disorders) were extremely prevalent. Only five patients had a principal diagnosis on axis III (physical disorders). The most common diagnoses on axis I were dysthymic, anxiety, somatoform, and substance use disorders. Compulsive personality disorder or trait was the most common axis II diagnosis. Ninety-five patients had multiple diagnoses. This study confirms that patients with chronic insomnia have a high prevalence of psychopathology and characteristic internalizing patterns of anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsiveness, phobia, and excessive somatic concerns.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1984

Nocturnal sleep and wakefulness: effects of age and sex in normal sleepers.

Sleep patterns were evaluated in 100 normal men and women who did not have any complaints of a sleep disorder and who were divided into three broad age groups: 19-29, 30-49, and 50-80 years. Total laboratory recording time was held constant across all four study nights. The amount of nightly wakefulness was positively correlated with age; total wake time for the oldest age group was about two times that of the youngest group, due primarily to an increase in wake time after sleep onset, because sleep latency did not change with age. Within each of the three age groups, especially the two oldest groups, the greatest amount of wakefulness following sleep onset occurred in the final hours of the recording period. Sleep in men was characterized by a higher number of nocturnal awakenings, and in elderly men by a longer final awakening; however, other parameters of sleep efficiency did not differ considerably between the sexes.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Biopsychobehavioral correlates of insomnia, III: Polygraphic findings of sleep difficulty and their relationship to psychopathology.

The effects of age and sex on sleep-wakefulness patterns and the relationship between these patterns and psychopathology are described in 150 adults with a primary complaint of insomnia and 100 controls who did not have any complaints of sleep difficulty. Within the insomniac subjects, the degree of difficulty in staying asleep was positively correlated with age. The primary difference between the insomniacs and controls was the insomniacs' greater difficulty in initially falling asleep or returning to sleep once having awakened during the night. Also, in terms of the distribution of wakefulness, insomniacs had significantly greater mean values for wakefulness during each of the first three to four hours of the night. In insomniacs the severity of sleep difficulty and the degree of psychopathology were positively related. Finally, various sleep difficulty and MMPI variables reliably discriminated insomniacs from controls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Early morning insomnia with rapidly eliminated benzodiazepines.

Early morning insomnia, a significant increase in wakefulness during the final hours of drug nights, occurred after 1 or 2 weeks of nightly administration of benzodiazepine hypnotics with short elimination half-lives, when tolerance had begun to develop. Early morning insomnia may be a variant of rebound insomnia and therefore specific to benzodiazepines, or it may occur with any rapidly eliminated sedative-hypnotic agent.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗
PubMed1983

Brotizolam: a sleep laboratory evaluation.

Brotizolam 0.25 mg was evaluated in a sleep laboratory study of 10 normal subjects. The study covered 10 consecutive nights and included 4 placebo-baseline nights, 3 nights on the drug and 3 placebo-withdrawal nights, which permitted assessment of initial drug effects, side effects and withdrawal phenomena, such as rebound insomnia. There was a significant increase in total sleep time with drug administration; the improvement in sleep occurred primarily in the first third of the night following the onset of sleep. During the day after nightly drug administration, the presence of rebound anxiety was suggested by an increase in reports of anxiety/tension as compared to baseline. Following drug withdrawal there was a significant increase in total wake time above baseline level, to 40% above baseline on the first and third nights of withdrawal.

Azepines↗
PubMed1983

Biopsychobehavioral correlates of insomnia. II. Pattern specificity and consistency with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

In a study designed to assess personality patterns of patients with chronic insomnia, a total of 528 subjects (428 insomniacs and 100 controls) completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Comparison of the MMPI profiles of insomniacs from a semirural area and of those from an urban area, each in a completely different geographic region, showed results consistent for high levels of psychopathology as well as for specific personality patterns within and between groups. The personality patterns of insomniac subjects were remarkably homogeneous: only a few MMPI code types accounted for about one-half of each insomniac sample. The insomniac profiles were consistently characterized by the presence of neurotic depression, rumination, chronic anxiety, inhibition of emotions, and an inability to discharge anger outwardly. The results of this study confirm the original hypothesis that the handling of stresses and conflicts through an internalization of emotions leads to physiologic activation and is a major factor underlying the development and maintenance of chronic insomnia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Rebound insomnia and rebound anxiety: a review.

Rebound insomnia and rebound anxiety are clinical conditions related to withdrawal of certain benzodiazepine drugs. Numerous studies of benzodiazepine and nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics conducted in our sleep laboratory demonstrated that rebound insomnia developed following withdrawal from benzodiazepines with a rapid or intermediate elimination rate. Several studies conducted by other investigators also indicated the development of rebound insomnia under similar conditions. Rebound insomnia and rebound anxiety are discussed in terms of their interrelationship, clinical implications, and receptor mechanisms. Evidence suggests that drugs producing rebound insomnia and rebound anxiety also show a more rapid development of tolerance and greater potential for drug dependence than benzodiazepines where the parent compound or its metabolites have a long elimination half-life.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗
PubMed1983

Midazolam: dose-response studies of effectiveness and rebound insomnia.

Midazolam, an investigational hypnotic, was evaluated for effectiveness, side effects, and withdrawal phenomena in doses of 10, 20, and 30 mg in three separate sleep laboratory studies, each including 4 placebo-baseline nights, 7 drug nights, and 3 placebo-withdrawal nights. Only a slight to moderate degree of effectiveness was shown across the three doses; this effectiveness was much more pronounced during the first third of the night. There was no dose-response effect for effectiveness with either initial or continued drug administration. In general, there was less effectiveness on the last 3 drug nights, indicating a potential for the development of tolerance over a relatively short period of time. Following withdrawal there was a marked dose-related worsening of sleep above baseline levels (rebound insomnia).

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Narcolepsy-cataplexy. I. Clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics.

The development, clinical course, and electrophysiologic characteristics of narcolepsy were evaluated in 50 adults who had a current complaint of sleep attacks and cataplexy. In most of the patients, the first symptoms, usually excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep attacks, developed during childhood or adolescence. The condition was invariably chronic. Patients frequently had family histories of some disorder of excessive daytime sleepiness. In nocturnal sleep or daytime nap recordings, all but three of the patients demonstrated a rapid-eye-movement (REM) period at sleep onset. Sleep apnea was found in only one patient. Our findings indicate that sleep laboratory recordings to detect a sleep-on-set REM period are of little diagnostic value when the narcoleptic patient has cataplexy. Furthermore, narcoleptic patients require sleep laboratory evaluation for sleep apnea only when the presence of apnea is suggested by the sleep history.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Narcolepsy-cataplexy. II. Psychosocial consequences and associated psychopathology.

The emotional and psychosocial correlates of narcolepsy were evaluated in 50 adults who had a current complaint of sleep attacks and cataplexy. The psychosocial consequences of narcolepsy were extensive; most patients reported that the condition seriously affected their interpersonal, marital, work, and social relationships. Many of these consequences were caused by others' misunderstanding of the symptoms of the disorder, which resulted in negative attitudes toward the patients. Th narcoleptic patients showed high levels of psychopathology compared with controls, but this difference is considered to be primarily a reaction to the disorder and its effects. The narcoleptic patients were overly concerned with emotional control, which appeared to lead to their generalized lack of expressiveness and tendency to build up emotional pressure. Based on these findings, recommendations are given for the psychosocial management of the narcoleptic patient.

Adolescent↗